ReviewFrontiers in pediatrics2018
The Prebiotic and Probiotic Properties of Human Milk: Implications for Infant Immune Development and Pediatric Asthma.
Review in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05119166 (International Milk Composition), which is not on this map. Cited by 77 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
International Milk Composition (IMiC) Consortium
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on lung function and symptoms in adults with bronchial asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- The development of the gut microbiome and temperament during infancy and early childhood: A systematic review.Developmental psychobiology · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of a high-dose bioactive components formula on reducing common diseases in term neonates delivered by cesarean section: a randomized, open-label, controlled trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Trial
- Iron Absorption from an Iron-Fortified Follow-Up Formula with and without the Addition of a Synbiotic or a Human-Identical Milk Oligosaccharide: A Randomized Crossover Stable Isotope Study in Young Thai Children.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- Trial
- The human breast milk microbiome: a landscape review of its composition, origins, and impact on infant health.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Maternal trans-vaccenic acid shapes neonatal T cell development and early-life immune imprinting.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Association of breastfeeding with caregiver-reported physician-diagnosed allergies in children: the Japan Environment and Children's Study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Time-resolved growth of diverse human-associatedMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Chronic Antibiotic Use, Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis, and Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer: An Emerging Threat.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Environmental and maternal imprints on infant gut metabolic development.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Integrating High-Resolution Cyclic Ion Mobility Separations with Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Collision Cross Section Measurements for Human Milk Oligosaccharide Sequencing.ACS measurement science au · 2025Article
- Pumping and hygiene practices are associated with bacterial load and microbial composition in human milk expressed at home.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Effects of priority on strain-level composition of the honey bee gut community.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Environmental and Maternal Imprints on Infant Gut Metabolic Programming.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Viable bacterial communities in freshly pumped human milk and their changes during cold storage conditions.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Observational
- Review
- Overcoming barriers to gut microbiome development through nutritional factors in the first 1,000 days of life: strategies and implications for preventing non-communicable diseases.Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England) · 2025Review
- Partially hydrolyzed, whey-based infant formula with six human milk oligosaccharides,Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Impact of breastfeeding and formula feeding on immune cell populations and blood cell parameters: an observational study.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Observational
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The incidence of pediatric asthma has increased substantially in recent decades, reaching a worldwide prevalence of 14%. This rapid increase may be attributed to the loss of "Old Friend" microbes from the human microbiota resulting in a less diverse and "dysbiotic" gut microbiota, which fails to optimally stimulate immune development during infancy. This hypothesis is supported by observations that the gut microbiota is different in infants who develop asthma later in life compared to those who remain healthy. Thus, early life exposures that influence gut microbiota play a crucial role in asthma development. Breastfeeding is one such exposure; it is generally considered protective against pediatric asthma, although conflicting results have been reported, potentially due to variations in milk composition between individuals and across populations. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and milk microbiota are two major milk components that influence the infant gut microbiota and hence, development of the immune system. Among their many immunomodulatory functions, HMOs exert a selective pressure within the infant gut microbial niche, preferentially promoting the proliferation of specific bacteria including
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.