ArticleModern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc2018
A common classification framework for neuroendocrine neoplasms: an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO) expert consensus proposal.
Article in Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 594 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
594 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Submandibular Gland in an Older Adult: A Rare Case and Literature Review.The American journal of case reports · 2026Pooled it
- Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor or Pituitary Adenoma? Let's Ask the Epigenome!Endocrine pathology · 2025Pooled it
- Guideline
- Malignancy Detection Rates of [Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2026Trial
- Randomized Phase II Trial of Pazopanib Versus Placebo in Patients With Advanced Extrapancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Alliance A021202).Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2025Trial
- Renal Neuroendocrine Tumor Mimicking Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.IJU case reports · 2026Article
- Distinct Molecular Pathways Driving Thymic and Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Organ of Origin Defines Molecular Identity and Yields CD44 as a Marker of Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors.Endocrine pathology · 2026Article
- VEGF pathway signalling across pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours: associations with histological subtypes in a multicentre study.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Biology is King: Exploring the Role of Surgery in Well-Differentiated Grade 3 GEPNETs.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Multiple skin and subcutaneous metastasis as initial manifestation in neuroendocrine carcinoma lung: A rare case report.Radiology case reports · 2026Article
- Divergent c-MYC Expression Patterns in NET and NEC: Insights from a Multicentre Cohort of 1380 Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.Endocrine pathology · 2026Article
- The Cost of Accessibility: Considerations for Adopting Microscope Camera-Derived Images for Digital and Computational Pathology.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health · 2026Review
- Cyclic Cushing syndrome as a clinical enigma and diagnostic dilemma in advanced endocrinology.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- Recent progress and therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cervical neuroendocrine neoplasms (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Knowledge gaps in tubular gut tumours: a critical appraisal of the 6th edition of the World Health Organization classification of tumours.The Journal of pathology · 2026Review
- Primary Resection and Metastasectomy for Well-Differentiated Grade 3 Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A National Cancer Database Analysis.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Neuroendocrine tumors of unknown primary: a case report and review of tumors with gastroenteropancreatic features.Journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Redefining the Role of Chemotherapy and Targeted Cytotoxic Delivery in Lung Neuroendocrine Tumors.Thoracic cancer · 2026Review
534 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 19 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) differs between organ systems and currently causes considerable confusion. A uniform classification framework for NENs at any anatomical location may reduce inconsistencies and contradictions among the various systems currently in use. The classification suggested here is intended to allow pathologists and clinicians to manage their patients with NENs consistently, while acknowledging organ-specific differences in classification criteria, tumor biology, and prognostic factors. The classification suggested is based on a consensus conference held at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in November 2017 and subsequent discussion with additional experts. The key feature of the new classification is a distinction between differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), also designated carcinoid tumors in some systems, and poorly differentiated NECs, as they both share common expression of neuroendocrine markers. This dichotomous morphological subdivision into NETs and NECs is supported by genetic evidence at specific anatomic sites as well as clinical, epidemiologic, histologic, and prognostic differences. In many organ systems, NETs are graded as G1, G2, or G3 based on mitotic count and/or Ki-67 labeling index, and/or the presence of necrosis; NECs are considered high grade by definition. We believe this conceptual approach can form the basis for the next generation of NEN classifications and will allow more consistent taxonomy to understand how neoplasms from different organ systems inter-relate clinically and genetically.
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