ArticleJournal of the National Medical Association2019
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Out-of-Pocket Expenses among Adults with Diabetes.
Article in Journal of the National Medical Association, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- The economic burden of Type 2 Diabetes by social determinants of health: A systematic review.PloS one · 2026Pooled it
- Barriers and facilitators to successful management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review.PloS one · 2020Pooled it
- Out-Of-Pocket Expenses of Carpal Tunnel Release.Journal of hand surgery global online · 2026Article
- Differences in patient-centered burdens and economic outcomes based on sociodemographic characteristics and social determinants of health: a scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic Factors of Asthma Prevalence and Costs Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 2016-2021.Preventing chronic disease · 2024Article
- Ethnic disparities in out-of-pocket expense on medicines in Peru: Evidence from a nationwide survey.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Observational
- Provider Network Structure and Black-to-White Disparity Gaps for Medicare Patients with Diabetes: County-Level Analysis of Cost, Utilization, and Clinical Care.Journal of general internal medicine · 2022Article
- High Out-of-pocket Health Care Cost Burden Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Diabetes, 1999-2017.Diabetes care · 2021Article
- Trends in Obesity and Medical Expenditure among Women with Diabetes, 2008-2016: Differences by Race/Ethnicity.Ethnicity & disease · 2020Article
- Aligning Programs and Policies to Support Food Security and Public Health Goals in the United States.Annual review of public health · 2019Article
- Influence of Microbiota on Diabetic Foot Wound in Comparison with Adjacent Normal Skin Based on the Clinical Features.BioMed research international · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRacial and ethnic minority groups have a higher prevalence of diabetes, increased risk for adverse complications, and worse health outcomes compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Evidence suggests they also have higher healthcare expenses associated with diabetes care. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess racial and ethnic differences in out-of-pocket (OOP) costs among a nationally representative sample of adults with diabetes.
methodsCross-sectional study of 17,702 adults (aged ≥18 years) with diabetes from years 2002-2011 in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component. The outcome was OOP expenditures, and the primary predictor was race/ethnicity. Descriptive statistics summarized the sample population. Unadjusted mean values were computed to compare OOP expenses over time. A two-part model was used to estimate adjusted incremental OOP expenses.
resultsFor the overall sample, OOP expenditures decreased significantly over time. In addition, compared to NHWs, racial and ethnic minority groups had significantly lower OOP costs per year when adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and time. NHBs paid $481 less than NHWs; Hispanics paid $591 less than NHWs; and individuals in the 'Other' racial/ethnic category paid nearly $645 less compared to NHWs (p < 0.001).
conclusionsRacial/ethnic minority patients with diabetes had significantly less OOP expenses compared to NHWs, possibly due to differences in healthcare utilization. OOP expenses decreased significantly over time for all racial and ethnic groups. Additional research is needed to understand the factors associated with differences in OOP expenditures among racial groups.
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Registered trials
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