SynthesisEndocrine2018
The association of smoking and risk of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Endocrine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 122 citations in OpenAlex.
- Elevated serum lipoprotein(a) levels as a potential risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.International ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Correlation between the progression of diabetic retinopathy and inflammasome biomarkers in vitreous and serum - a systematic review.BMC ophthalmology · 2022Pooled it
- Mediation of the association of smoking and microvascular complications by glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Smoking Cessation Duration and Diabetic Microvascular Complications.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Article
- Associations Between Demographic Characteristics, and Diabetes-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Clinical Parameters in People With Diabetes Attending Eye Clinics in Trinidad and Tobago: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Trends of Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption Among People with Diabetes Mellitus in Spain: A Population-Based Study (2014-2020).Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Smoking and Risk of Vision Threatening Complications: A Global Database Analysis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Progress of diabetic retinopathy up to 24 years in patients with type 2 diabetes in Sweden: a cohort study from the Skaraborgs Diabetes Register.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2025Article
- Genetic Susceptibility and Genetic Variant-Diet Interactions in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- [Smoking and eye diseases].Die Ophthalmologie · 2025Review
- Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes treated with tirzepatide: a real-world cohort study.Diabetologia · 2025Article
- The Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in the 21st Century: New Insights From a Portuguese Center.Cureus · 2025Article
- Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: a cross-sectional study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Diabetic Macular Edema in the Western Part of Romania: Screening to Improve Patient Outcomes.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Progerin mRNA Is Associated with Smoking and Signs of Increased Microvascular Damage in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Association Between Low Serum Vitamin A Level and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Hospital-Based Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- The association of cigarette smoking with the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy: based on cross-sectional survey and mendelian randomization.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Factors as Independent Predictors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type II Diabetes Mellitus: The Development of a Predictive Model.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo clarify the relevance between smoking and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
methodsPublished evidence were searched in MEDLINE and EMBASE from the databases began until Feb. 2017. Studies evaluating the association between smoking and diabetic retinopathy or evaluating the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy including smoking were included.
resultsTotally 73 studies were identified, among which 19 studies included type 1 diabetes patients and 56 studies included type 2 diabetes patients. In type 1 diabetes, compare with non-smokers, the risk of diabetic retinopathy significantly increased in smokers (risk ratio (RR) = 1.23, 95% CI 1.14, 1.33, P < 0.001), and the risk of proliferative diabetic retinopathy also significantly increased in smokers (RR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.20, 1.81, P < 0.001). In type 2 diabetes, compare with non-smokers, the risk of diabetic retinopathy significantly decreased in smokers (RR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.86, 0.98, P = 0.02) and the risk of proliferative diabetic retinopathy also significantly decreased in smokers (RR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.61, 0.74, P < 0.001).
conclusionsCompare with non-smokers, the risk of diabetic retinopathy significantly increased in smokers with type 1 diabetes while significantly decreased in smokers with type 2 diabetes. However, this result did not change the importance of smoking cessation for public health.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.