ArticleOncology letters2018
Autophagy inhibitor chloroquine induces apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Article in Oncology letters, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Captivating Synergistic, Dose-Dependent Anticancer Effects of Tumor-Regulation Modulators Chloroquine and Ivermectin Completely Abolished by an Opposing Modulator, Deoxycholic Acid, in Hamster Fibrosarcoma: In Vivo, In Vitro, and Literature Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Synthesis of CNP-SAR405 delivery system for improved therapeutics anticancer activity using A549 human lung cancer cell lines.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- HMGB1 mediated autophagy and apoptosis in human nucleus pulposus cells; chloroquine amplified apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma: a comprehensive review about roles and regulatory mechanisms.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Review
- Metformin and chloroquine enhanced the efficacy of cytarabine in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines: a drug repositioning approach.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Impact of Benzo(a)pyrene and Pyrene Exposure on Activating Autophagy and Correlation with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Astrocytes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the salivary glands of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, associated Sjögren's syndrome, and non-Sjögren's sicca syndrome: a comparative analysis and the influence of chloroquine.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2025Article
- Integral approach to organelle profiling in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes enhancesFrontiers in toxicology · 2025Article
- Innate immune and endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response pathways protectJournal of biosciences · 2025Article
- Impact of carboxymethyl dextran-asparaginase in NALM-6 cell apoptosis and autophagy.Iranian journal of veterinary research · 2025Article
- The Influence of Lysosomal Stress on Dental Pulp Stem Cell-Derived Schwann Cells.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- M2 Muscarinic Receptor Stimulation Induces Autophagy in Human Glioblastoma Cancer Stem Cells via mTOR Complex-1 Inhibition.Cancers · 2023Article
- Autophagy modulates physiologic and adaptive response in the liver.Liver research (Beijing, China) · 2023Review
- The role and implication of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma.Cell death discovery · 2023Review
- Targeting Proteolysis with Cyanogenic Glycoside Amygdalin Induces Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- WP1234-A Novel Anticancer Agent with Bifunctional Activity in a Glioblastoma Model.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Adult fibroblasts use aggresomes only in distinct cell-states.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Chloroquine regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of palate development on mice embryo by activating P53 through blocking autophagy in vitro.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2022Article
- Article
- Targeting Glioblastoma Stem Cells to Overcome Chemoresistance: An Overview of Current Therapeutic Strategies.Biomedicines · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Poor prognosis and chemotherapy tolerance are the main obstacles encountered in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Chloroquine (CQ), an antimalarial agent, is able to induce sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by functioning as an autophagy inhibitor. The present study indicated that CQ had the ability to induce apoptosis in QBC939 cholangiocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, using western blotting, Hoechst staining and flow cytometry, it was demonstrated that CQ induced the apoptosis of QBC939 cholangiocarcinoma cells. Analysis by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array and confirmation via quantitative PCR technology indicated that the expression levels of growth arrest and DNA damage 153 [C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)], a key molecule involved in ER stress-induced apoptosis, and its downstream death receptors were increased following CQ stimulation. It was considered that the upregulation of CHOP may mediate CQ-induced extrinsic pathways and autophagy-dependent apoptosis; therefore, the role of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma treatment was elucidated based on the data demonstrating that CQ regulates the ER-autophagy network in tumor cells. Furthermore, it was considered that CQ may become a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.