ArticleRetrovirology2018
Promoter expression of HERV-K (HML-2) provirus-derived sequences is related to LTR sequence variation and polymorphic transcription factor binding sites.
Article in Retrovirology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- RETRACTED: Endogenous Retroviruses as Regulators of Innate Immune Signaling and InflammationViruses · 2026Review
- Type I interferons increase expression of endogenous retrovirus K102 and envelope protein in myeloid cells from patients with autoimmune disease.Mobile DNA · 2025Article
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- Species-Specific Transcription Factors Associated with Long Terminal Repeat Promoters of Endogenous Retroviruses: A Comprehensive Review.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- HERVK-mediated regulation of neighboring genes: implications for breast cancer prognosis.Retrovirology · 2024Article
- Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K (HML-2)-Related Genetic Variation: Human Genome Diversity and Disease.Genes · 2023Review
- Exploring HERV-K (HML-2) Influence in Cancer and Prospects for Therapeutic Interventions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Expression of Envelope Protein Encoded by Endogenous Retrovirus K102 in Rheumatoid Arthritis Neutrophils.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- HERVs and Cancer-A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Human Cancers.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Endogenous Retroviruses as Modulators of Innate Immunity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Human endogenous retroviruses in cancer: Oncogenesis mechanisms and clinical implications.Journal of medical virology · 2023Review
- A Systems Biology Approach on the Regulatory Footprint of Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs).Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Widespread expression of the ancient HERV-K (HML-2) provirus group in normal human tissues.PLoS biology · 2022Article
- Z-DNA-Containing Long Terminal Repeats of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Families Provide Alternative Promoters for Human Functional Genes.Molecules and cells · 2022Review
- Transposable Elements and Human Diseases: Mechanisms and Implication in the Response to Environmental Pollutants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Autoantibodies Against Unmodified and Citrullinated Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Envelope Protein in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.The Journal of rheumatology · 2022Article
- Screening and Identification of Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K mRNAs for Breast Cancer Through Integrative Analysis of Multiple Datasets.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Genetic variants in promoter region ofGastroenterology report · 2022Article
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses as Gene Expression Regulators: Insights from Animal Models into Human Diseases.Molecules and cells · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIncreased transcription of the human endogenous retrovirus group HERV-K (HML-2) is often seen during disease. Although the mechanism of its tissue-specific activation is unclear, research shows that LTR CpG hypomethylation alone is not sufficient to induce its promoter activity and that the transcriptional milieu of a malignant cell contributes, at least partly, to differential HML-2 expression.
resultsWe analyzed the relationship between LTR sequence variation and promoter expression patterns in human breast cancer cell lines, finding them to be positively correlated. In particular, two proviruses (3q12.3 and 11p15.4) displayed increased activity in almost all tumorigenic cell lines sampled. Using a transcription factor binding site prediction algorithm, we identified two unique binding sites in each 5' LTR that appeared to be associated with inducing promoter activity during neoplasia. Genomic analysis of the homologous proviruses in several non-human primates indicated post-integration genetic drift in two transcription factor binding sites, away from the ancestral sequence and towards the active form. Based on the sequences of 2504 individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project, the active form of the 11p15.4 site was found to be polymorphic within the human population, with an allele frequency of 51%, whereas the activating mutation in the 3q12.3 provirus was fixed in humans but not present in the orthologous provirus in chimpanzees or gorillas.
conclusionsThese data suggest that stage-specific transcription factors at least partly contribute to LTR promoter activity during transformation and that, in some cases, transcription factor binding site polymorphisms may be responsible for the differential HML-2 expression often seen between individuals.
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