ArticleClinical rheumatology2019
Causes of death in hospitalized patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a 10-year multicenter nationwide Chinese cohort.
Article in Clinical rheumatology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of biologics, multitarget therapy, and standard therapy for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Renal failure · 2024Pooled it
- Management and outcomes in children with lupus nephritis in the developing countries.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive agents for adults with lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Central nervous system infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lupus science & medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Pulmonary Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Potentially Overlooked Condition.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Mortality patterns of SLE and the associated risk factors in Korean patients: a nationwide cohort study.Lupus science & medicine · 2025Article
- Clinical Characteristics, Microbiological and Risk Factors of Infections in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives · 2025Article
- Prognostic analysis of concurrent Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in the type I interferon system (STAT4 and IRF5): association with Asian SLE patients.Clinical rheumatology · 2024Review
- Neutralizing anti-IFN-γ IgG was increased in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and associated with susceptibility to infection.Clinical rheumatology · 2024Article
- Association Between Mycophenolate Mofetil Use and Subsequent Infections Among Hospitalized Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Nested Case-Control Study.Rheumatology and therapy · 2023Article
- In-hospital mortality and associated factors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis over more than 11 years in a reference hospital center.Rheumatology international · 2023Article
- Infections in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Contribution of Primary Immune Defects Versus Treatment-Induced Immunosuppression.European journal of rheumatology · 2023Article
- A Framework to Overcome Challenges in the Management of Infections in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Open access rheumatology : research and reviews · 2023Review
- Antipsychotics reduces mortality in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study of psychiatric consultation cases.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Risk factors for mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: Analysis of adult and pediatric cohorts in Taiwan.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2022Article
- Health disparities in systemic lupus erythematosus-a narrative review.Clinical rheumatology · 2022Review
- Infection profile and risk factors for mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease attributable to systemic lupus erythematosus: a two-center integrated study.The Journal of international medical research · 2022Observational
- Low dosage use of cyclophosphamide improves the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.Clinical rheumatology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
30 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
To estimate the mortality and describe the causes of death in a large multicenter cohort of hospitalized patients with SLE in China. This was a retrospective study of a nationwide SLE cohort (10 centers, 29,510 hospitalized patients) from 2005 to 2014 in China. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for all death and were stratified by sex and age. Chi-square test was used to determine whether the major causes of death vary in age, sex, duration of SLE, disease activity, or medications. Comparison between dead patients and survival controls was used to identify the risk factors for mortality. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors for mortality. A total of 360 patients died during the study period, accounting for 1.22%. The overall SMR was 2.13 (95% CI 1.96, 2.30), with a particularly high SMR seen in subgroups characterized by younger age. Infection (65.8%) was the most common cause of death, followed by lupus nephritis (48.6%), hematological abnormality (18.1%), neuropsychiatric lupus/NPSLE (15.8%), and interstitial pneumonia (13.1%). Cardiovascular disease and malignancy contributed little to the causes of death. Infection, in particular severe pulmonary infection, emerged as the foremost risk factor for mortality, followed by lupus encephalopathy. However, lupus nephritis and hematological abnormalities occurred more frequently in survival patients. SLE patients at a younger age of diagnosis have a poorer prognosis. Infection dominated the causes of death in recent China. Ethnicity and medications might account for the differences in causes of death compared with western populations.
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Registered trials
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