ArticlePloS one2018
Spatiotemporal analysis of canine rabies in El Salvador: Violence and poverty as social factors of canine rabies.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Dog-Mediated Rabies: Disparities in Incidence and Surveillance Effort in a Latin American City.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Combining genomics and epidemiology to investigate a zoonotic outbreak of rabies in Romblon Province, Philippines.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Burden of human rabies disease: its potential prevention by means of RabipurJournal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2024Review
- Factors associated with the spatiotemporal distribution of dog rabies in Tunisia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Ecological and Socioeconomic Factors in the Occurrence of Rabies: A Forgotten Scenario.Infectious disease reports · 2022Article
- Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and determinants of canine rabies evidence at Local Government Area Level in Nigeria: Implications for rabies prevention and control.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Article
- Elimination of human rabies in Goa, India through an integrated One Health approach.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Rabies in the Tropics.Current tropical medicine reports · 2022Review
- Rabies in Costa Rica - Next Steps Towards Controlling Bat-Borne Rabies After its Elimination in Dogs.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2021Review
- Barriers to attendance of canine rabies vaccination campaigns in Haiti, 2017.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2020Article
- Slums, Space, and State of Health-A Link between Settlement Morphology and Health Data.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Community awareness, perception, and preventive practices towards rabies in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Therapeutic advances in infectious diseaseArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe incidence of canine rabies cases in El Salvador has decreased in the last decade since the establishment of intense control programs, such as massive vaccination campaigns implemented by the Ministry of Health. Socioeconomic crises in recent years have limited the access to certain areas across the country and have impacted surveillance and prevention campaigns, which places the country at risk for a resurgence of canine rabies.We aimedto describe the spatiotemporal patterns of canine rabies and its association with critical social factors in El Salvador from 2005 to 2014.
methodWe included 459 cases of canine rabies. Several socioeconomic, demographic, and surveillance variables were modeled using a Poisson regression to evaluate their associations with the incidence of canine rabies. Spatial scan statistics were adjusted or unadjusted with covariates and applied to identify statistically significant clusters of canine rabies. Finally, a canine rabies risk map was created.
resultsA positive association and higher risk of canine rabies were found for low poverty zones, where it is suspected that urban slums contribute to ongoing rabies transmission (RR = 7.74). Violence had a negative association with rabies (RR = 0.663), which is likely due to reporting bias. Significant clusters were identified in all five epidemiological regions, and the Eastern region had the highest risk (RR = 50.62). The influences of the selected variables in cluster detection were confirmed by the adjusted analysis. Higher-risk townships were distributed from the Western to the Eastern regions of the country.
conclusionSocial factors are determinants of rabies in El Salvador and play a major role in national spatial patterns of the disease. There are high-risk areas for canine rabies across the country, and there were two persistent rabies foci during the study period. Examining the role of social factors can provide better insight into rabies in vulnerable countries, and socioeconomic factors can be key elements in developing better policies and interventions for rabies control.
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