ArticleThe New England journal of medicine2018
Smoking Cessation, Weight Change, Type 2 Diabetes, and Mortality.
2 registry-linked trialsAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in The New England journal of medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 132 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
132citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist Stimulation on Smoking Consumption in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Study Protocol of a Randomized, Parallel -Controlled Clinical Trial
PMID 11206655PMID 11298764PMID 11738084PMID 1370102PMID 17712795PMID 19165417PMID 19750233PMID 21379566PMID 22343430PMID 23219318PMID 23698590PMID 23955804other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graphEnvironment, Inflammation and Metabolic Diseases Study
Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Smoking Status and Type 2 Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of Shared Genetic Etiology and Causal Relationship.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Daily Cigarette Use: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- An Exploratory Analysis of Patterns of Weight Change in a Post-Cessation Weight Management Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- Impact of educational attainment on preventive efforts after myocardial infarction: results of the IPP and NET-IPP trials.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2025Trial
- Smoking cessation after first STEMI enhances infarct healing: a cardiac MRI study.European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging · 2026Article
- [Smoking and nicotine use, heated tobacco products, psychological and socioeconomic aspects of dependence, alcohol, infections, vaccination and diabetes mellitus (Update 2026)].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Review
- Interrelationships Between Key Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Chronic Kidney Disease and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.Current cardiology reports · 2026Review
- GLP-1 receptor agonists for smoking cessation: a narrative review of weight management potential.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Smoking status and cessation duration in relation to the progression of cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity: a prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Dual impact of smoking cessation and post-cessation weight change on psoriasis.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages and increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in UK Biobank.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- Smoking cessation, weight change, and incidence and progression of frailty: A longitudinal analysis of the US Health and Retirement Study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- 3. Prevention or Delay of Diabetes and Associated Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- Association between smoking cessation duration and prediabetes among former smokers: A secondary dataset analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2024.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Salient cue reactivity and eating behaviors in ex-smokers, abstinent alcohol use disorder, and obesity.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Exploring the Joint Impact of METS-VF and Functional Limitation on Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity Risk.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Smoking Cessation, Weight Change, and Risk of Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Associations of smoking status and leisure-time physical activity with waist circumference change-10-year follow-up among twin adults.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Article
- Association of Heavy Smoking With High Body Mass Index and Cardiovascular Risk Score in Japan.Obesity science & practice · 2025Article
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Yang HuFrom the Departments of Nutrition (Y.H., G.Z., G.L., W.C.W., F.B.H., Q.S.), Epidemiology (Y.H., M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H.), and Biostatistics (M.W., B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H., Q.S.) and the Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; and the Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (G.Z.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (A.P.) - both in China.
Geng ZongFrom the Departments of Nutrition (Y.H., G.Z., G.L., W.C.W., F.B.H., Q.S.), Epidemiology (Y.H., M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H.), and Biostatistics (M.W., B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H., Q.S.) and the Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; and the Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (G.Z.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (A.P.) - both in China.
Gang LiuFrom the Departments of Nutrition (Y.H., G.Z., G.L., W.C.W., F.B.H., Q.S.), Epidemiology (Y.H., M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H.), and Biostatistics (M.W., B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H., Q.S.) and the Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; and the Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (G.Z.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (A.P.) - both in China.
Molin WangFrom the Departments of Nutrition (Y.H., G.Z., G.L., W.C.W., F.B.H., Q.S.), Epidemiology (Y.H., M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H.), and Biostatistics (M.W., B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H., Q.S.) and the Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; and the Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (G.Z.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (A.P.) - both in China.
Bernard RosnerFrom the Departments of Nutrition (Y.H., G.Z., G.L., W.C.W., F.B.H., Q.S.), Epidemiology (Y.H., M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H.), and Biostatistics (M.W., B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H., Q.S.) and the Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; and the Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (G.Z.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (A.P.) - both in China.
An PanFrom the Departments of Nutrition (Y.H., G.Z., G.L., W.C.W., F.B.H., Q.S.), Epidemiology (Y.H., M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H.), and Biostatistics (M.W., B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H., Q.S.) and the Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; and the Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (G.Z.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (A.P.) - both in China.ORCID 0000-0002-1089-7945
Walter C WillettFrom the Departments of Nutrition (Y.H., G.Z., G.L., W.C.W., F.B.H., Q.S.), Epidemiology (Y.H., M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H.), and Biostatistics (M.W., B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H., Q.S.) and the Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; and the Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (G.Z.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (A.P.) - both in China.
JoAnn E MansonFrom the Departments of Nutrition (Y.H., G.Z., G.L., W.C.W., F.B.H., Q.S.), Epidemiology (Y.H., M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H.), and Biostatistics (M.W., B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H., Q.S.) and the Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; and the Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (G.Z.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (A.P.) - both in China.
Frank B HuFrom the Departments of Nutrition (Y.H., G.Z., G.L., W.C.W., F.B.H., Q.S.), Epidemiology (Y.H., M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H.), and Biostatistics (M.W., B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H., Q.S.) and the Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; and the Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (G.Z.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (A.P.) - both in China.
Qi SunFrom the Departments of Nutrition (Y.H., G.Z., G.L., W.C.W., F.B.H., Q.S.), Epidemiology (Y.H., M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H.), and Biostatistics (M.W., B.R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.W., W.C.W., J.E.M., F.B.H., Q.S.) and the Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; and the Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (G.Z.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (A.P.) - both in China.
Funding
Transgenic CoreP30DK046200 · NIDDK · TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER · PI HU, FRANK B · 1992 to 2021
$25.0MLife Course Cancer Epidemiology Cohort in WomenU01CA176726 · NCI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY D/B/A HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI ELIASSEN, A. HEATHER, WILLETT, WALTER C. · 2018 to 2025
$22.4MLong Term Multidisciplinary Study of Cancer in Women: The Nurses Health StudyUM1CA186107 · NCI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI ELIASSEN, A. HEATHER, STAMPFER, MEIR · 2014 to 2023
$22.3MCancer Epidemiology Cohort in Male Health ProfessionalsU01CA167552 · NCI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY D/B/A HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI Lorelei Mucci, Walter C. Willett · 2017 to 2026
$17.0MLife Course Cancer Epidemiology Cohort in WomenUM1CA176726 · NCI · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI WILLETT, WALTER C. · 2013 to 2017
$15.7MRISK FACTORS FOR CVD IN WOMENR01HL034594 · NHLBI · TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA · PI JoAnn Elisabeth Manson, Lu Qi · 1985 to 2026
$13.8MDietary Etiology of Heart DiseaseR01HL035464 · NHLBI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (SCH OF PUBLIC HLTH) · PI ERIC B RIMM, Qi Sun · 1986 to 2026
$13.6MCancer Epidemiology Cohort in Male Health ProfessionalsUM1CA167552 · NCI · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI WILLETT, WALTER C. · 2012 to 2016
$11.5MEnvironmental Obesogens and Weight Change in the POUNDS LOST TrialR01ES022981 · NIEHS · HARVARD UNIVERSITY D/B/A HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI SUN, QI · 2014 to 2024
$4.7MCirculating plasma metabolites, diet, and risk of type 2 diabetesR01DK112940 · NIDDK · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI HU, FRANK B, MORA, SAMIA · 2018 to 2021
$2.9MPollutant-related diabetes in the Nurses' Health Study IIR01ES021372 · NIEHS · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI GRANDJEAN, PHILIPPE ADAM, SUN, QI · 2013 to 2017
$2.9MNCI NIH HHS U01 CA167552NCI NIH HHS U01 CA176726NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA167552NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA176726NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA186107NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL034594NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL035464NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK046200NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK112940NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES021372NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES022981
Abstract
backgroundWhether weight gain after smoking cessation attenuates the health benefits of quitting is unclear.
methodsIn three cohort studies involving men and women in the United States, we identified those who had reported quitting smoking and we prospectively assessed changes in smoking status and body weight. We estimated risks of type 2 diabetes, death from cardiovascular disease, and death from any cause among those who had reported quitting smoking, according to weight changes after smoking cessation.
resultsThe risk of type 2 diabetes was higher among recent quitters (2 to 6 years since smoking cessation) than among current smokers (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1.32). The risk peaked 5 to 7 years after quitting and then gradually decreased. The temporary increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes was directly proportional to weight gain, and the risk was not increased among quitters without weight gain (P<0.001 for interaction). In contrast, quitters did not have a temporary increase in mortality, regardless of weight change after quitting. As compared with current smokers, the hazard ratios for death from cardiovascular disease were 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.88) among recent quitters without weight gain, 0.47 (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.63) among those with weight gain of 0.1 to 5.0 kg, 0.25 (95% CI, 0.15 to 0.42) among those with weight gain of 5.1 to 10.0 kg, 0.33 (95% CI, 0.18 to 0.60) among those with weight gain of more than 10.0 kg, and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.46 to 0.55) among longer-term quitters (>6 years since smoking cessation). Similar associations were observed for death from any cause.
conclusionsSmoking cessation that was accompanied by substantial weight gain was associated with an increased short-term risk of type 2 diabetes but did not mitigate the benefits of quitting smoking on reducing cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health.).
Indexed as
Smoking CessationWeight GainAdultCardiovascular DiseasesCause of DeathCohort StudiesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedProportional Hazards ModelsRisk FactorsUnited States
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Registered trials
NCT06924697ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT07512609ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.