ArticleSaudi medical journal2018
Sociodemographic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors for multiple sclerosis development in the Western region of Saudi Arabia. A matched case control study.
Article in Saudi medical journal, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Blind Study of Lutein Supplementation on Carotenoid Status and Cognition in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Environmental and Familial Risk Factors for Multiple Sclerosis: Insights from a Saudi Arabian Cohort.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Linking Pathogenesis to Fall Risk in Multiple Sclerosis.Archives of internal medicine research · 2025Article
- Article
- Clinical Profile and the Extent of Disability in Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Madinah, Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2022Article
- Association between obesity during different age periods and multiple sclerosis in Saudi Arabia: A multicenter case-control study.Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) · 2022Article
- Article
- Physical activity and risk of multiple sclerosis: A Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Environmental risk factors of multiple sclerosis in the Middle East and North Africa region: A systematic review.Current journal of neurology · 2021Review
- Risk Factors Associated with Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study in Damascus, Syria.Multiple sclerosis international · 2021Article
- Association of infections with multiple sclerosis in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a review.The Journal of international medical research · 2020Review
- Effects of Exercise on Memory Interference in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2020Review
- Familial aggregation of multiple sclerosis: Results from the national registry of the disease in Saudi Arabia.Multiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinicalArticle
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo examine the association of exposure to sociodemographic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors during adolescence with the development of multiple sclerosis (MS).
methodsWe conducted a case-control study between October 2017 and January 2018 at King Fahd General Hospital (KFH) in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected by direct physician-subject interviews. We utilized a questionnaire modified from the environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis questionnaire (EnvIMS-Q). Chi-square tests were used to examine associations of selected risk factors with the development of MS, a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
resultsA total of 80 cases and 160 controls were enrolled into the study. Smoking during adolescence significantly increased the risk of MS, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 4.165, and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.449-11.974. Large body size, assessed using a figure rating scale, also increased the risk of MS (AOR=8.970, 95% CI=1.032-77.983), as well as a history of measles infection (AOR=3.758, 95% CI=1.455-9.706). Furthermore, exposure to sunlight during the weekend for more than 4 hours/day decreased the risk of MS (AOR=0.063, 95% CI=0.006-0.654), so did the consumption of fish for more than once per week (AOR=0.206, 95% CI=0.055-0.773). Conclusion: The risk of developing MS is significantly increased by exposure during adolescence to smoking, a history of measles infection, and large body size (obesity).
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