ArticleEnvironmental science & technology2018
Fecal Fingerprints of Enteric Pathogen Contamination in Public Environments of Kisumu, Kenya, Associated with Human Sanitation Conditions and Domestic Animals.
Article in Environmental science & technology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology of intestinal parasitic infections among school-aged children in low- and middle-income countries of Africa and Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Determinants of diarrhoeal diseases among under-five children in Africa (2013-2023): a comprehensive systematic review highlighting geographic variances, socioeconomic influences, and environmental factors.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Measurement in the study of human exposure to animal feces: A systematic review and audit.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Use, Acceptability, Performance, and Health Impact of Hollow Fiber Ultrafilters for Water Treatment in Rural Kenyan Households, 2009-2011.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Trial
- Health Outcomes of an Integrated Behaviour-Centred Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Food Safety Intervention-A Randomised before and after Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Trial
- Supplementation with Small-Quantity Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements Does Not Increase Child Morbidity in a Semiurban Setting in Ghana: A Secondary Outcome Noninferiority Analysis of the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS)-DYAD Randomized Controlled Trial.The Journal of nutrition · 2020Trial
- Design and evaluation of a streamlined enrichment method for faster co-detection of enteric bacterial pathogens in natural soils and environmental samples.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Household determinants of animal and human fecal contamination on floors and hands in northwestern coastal Ecuador.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Assessing the validity and reliability of geotracking devices in urban settings of Nairobi, Kenya.Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Metagenomic strain tracking reveals patterns of bacterial spread and the impact of water chlorination.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Cholera in Kenya: A scoping review of current research, evidence gaps and future directions.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Linking humans and the environment in the spread of antimicrobial resistantFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Domestic animals and hygiene on infants' risk of contact and exposure to animal faeces in urban neighbourhoods in Kenya: A mixed methods cohort study.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Zoonotic and Environmental Sources of Infant Enteric Pathogen Infections Identified with Longitudinal Sampling.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Article
- Harnessing Non-standard Nucleic Acids for Highly Sensitive Icosaplex (20-Plex) Detection of Microbial Threats for Environmental Surveillance.ACS synthetic biology · 2025Article
- Enteric Pathogens in Humans, Domesticated Animals, and Drinking Water in a Low-Income Urban Area of Nairobi, Kenya.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Spatial-Temporal Patterns in the Enteric Pathogen Contamination of Soil in the Public Environments of Low- and Middle-Income Neighborhoods in Nairobi, Kenya.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- A multi-pathogen behavioral exposure model for young children playing in public spaces in developing communities.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Young children are infected by a diverse range of enteric pathogens in high disease burden settings, suggesting pathogen contamination of the environment is equally diverse. This study aimed to characterize across- and within-neighborhood diversity in enteric pathogen contamination of public domains in urban informal settlements of Kisumu, Kenya, and to assess the relationship between pathogen detection patterns and human and domestic animal sanitation conditions. Microbial contamination of soil and surface water from 166 public sites in three Kisumu neighborhoods was measured by enterococcal assays and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for 19 enteric pathogens. Regression was used to assess the association between observed sanitary indicators of contamination with enterococci and pathogen presence and concentration, and pathogen diversity. Seventeen types of pathogens were detected in Kisumu public domains. Enteric pathogens were codetected in 33% of soil and 65% of surface water samples. Greater pathogen diversity was associated with the presence of domestic animal feces but not with human open defecation, deteriorating latrines, flies, or disposal of human feces. Sanitary conditions were not associated with enterococcal bacteria, specific pathogen concentrations, or "any pathogen". Young children played at 40% of observed sites. Managing domestic animal feces may be required to reduce enteric pathogen environmental contamination in high-burden settings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.