ReviewBrain sciences2018
Sex: A Significant Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders.
Review in Brain sciences, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 199 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex Differences in Tryptophan Metabolism: A Systematic Review Focused on Neuropsychiatric Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Gender discrepancies and differences in motor and non-motor symptoms, cognition, and psychological outcomes in the treatment of Parkinson's disease with subthalamic deep brain stimulation.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- The Effect of Caffeine on the Risk and Progression of Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Predictors of Preschool Neurodevelopmental Outcomes and Trajectories in a South African Birth Cohort.Research square · 2026Article
- Article
- Structural equation modeling to explore putative causal factors for chronic fatigue in childhood cancer survivors: a DCCSS LATER study.Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2026Article
- Sex-related structural alterations across common epilepsies: a worldwide ENIGMA study.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Robust but independent sex differences in human brain function, structure, and behavior.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Aging and Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Impaired Repair, Inflammaging Impact, and Regeneration Resistance.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Interplay Between Sex and Cytosine-Adenine-Guanine-Age Product Score in Huntington's Disease: Clinical and Neuroimaging Perspectives.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- The multisystem impact of perimenopausal hormonal fluctuations on chronic disease risk.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Before hormones: early sex-specific mechanisms shaping nervous system development, function, and postnatal disease susceptibility.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Integrating network pharmacology with molecular docking and dynamics to uncover therapeutic targets and signaling mechanisms of vitamin D3 in Parkinson's disease.Molecular diversity · 2025Article
- Longitudinal development of sex differences in the limbic system is associated with age, puberty and mental health.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Causal Effects on Early Risk Factors of Developmental Coordination Disorder in the Dutch Lifelines Cohort.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
- Profiles of developmental disorder and associations with gestational age.Archives of disease in childhood · 2025Article
- Early establishment and life course stability of sex biases in the human brain transcriptome.Cell genomics · 2025Article
- Benchmarking the AI-based diagnostic potential of plasma proteomics for neurodegenerative disease in 17,170 people.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Tau Pathology in the Medial Temporal Lobe and Neocortex: Implications for Cognitive Unimpaired in Cognitively Unimpaired Older Adults.Balkan medical journal · 2025Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Males and females sometimes significantly differ in their propensity to develop neurological disorders. Females suffer more from mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, whereas males are more susceptible to deficits in the dopamine system including Parkinson's disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism. Despite this, biological sex is rarely considered when making treatment decisions in neurological disorders. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying sex differences in the healthy and diseased brain will help to devise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies optimal for each sex. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the available evidence on sex differences in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders regarding prevalence, progression, symptoms and response to therapy. We also discuss the sex-related factors such as gonadal sex hormones and sex chromosome genes and how these might help to explain some of the clinically observed sex differences in these disorders. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of the Y-chromosome gene,
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.