ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2018
Validation of the Apple Watch for Heart Rate Variability Measurements during Relax and Mental Stress in Healthy Subjects.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 100 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Monitoring Heart Failure Patients Using Heart Rate Variability Measured by the Apple Watch
A Photoplethysmography Sensor-based Personalized Feedback Intervention for Heavy-drinking Young Adults Targeting Heart Rate Variability, Resting Heart Rate, and Sleep
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Wearable Devices to Diagnose and Monitor the Progression of COVID-19 Through Heart Rate Variability Measurement: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Pooled it
- History of concussion and lowered heart rate variability at rest beyond symptom recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Smart Devices and Wearable Technologies to Detect and Monitor Mental Health Conditions and Stress: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Pooled it
- Association between environmental and headphone noise and heart rate variability: observations from Apple Hearing Study cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Digital and Biomarker-Based Monitoring for Schizophrenia-Treatment Adherence.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2026Review
- The Representation of Different Populations in Studies Assessing the Validity of Consumer Wearable Photoplethysmography-Based Measurements: Scoping Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Article
- Wearable technology-derived digital biomarkers for non-invasive assessment of erectile dysfunction: a cross-sectional pilot study.International urology and nephrology · 2026Article
- Smartwatch-derived exercise metrics as predictors of early hypertension: a prospective observational study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Observational
- Validation of photoplethysmography-derived short-term heart rate variability using a wearable device.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Mental Stress Assessment and Clinical Application of Wearable Devices as Evaluable Outcomes in Robotic Prostatectomy.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Technical validation of a multimodal emotion-adaptive biofeedback system for autonomic regulation using guided breathing.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Digital phenotyping for assessment and prediction of interoception, chronic stress, and self-regulation in adults: a scoping review.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Review
- Monitoring Training Adaptation and Recovery Status in Athletes Using Heart Rate Variability via Mobile Devices: A Narrative Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Assessing Stress Level Scores Against Wearables-Driven Physiological Measurements.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2025Article
- Design and prototyping of an AI-powered wearable device for continuous vital signs monitoring with intelligent alerting.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Resting Heart Rate Variability Measured by Consumer Wearables and Its Associations with Diverse Health Domains in Five Longitudinal Studies.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Psychophysiological and Neurobiological Responses to Deception and Emotional Stimuli: A Pilot Study on the Interplay of Personality Traits and Perceived Stress.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- A wearable-based aging clock associates with disease and behavior.Nature communications · 2025Observational
- Biostrap Kairos Wristband Versus Electrocardiography for Resting Heart Rate Variability Assessment.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Validity of Heart Rate Variability Measured with Apple Watch Series 6 Compared to Laboratory Measures.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a noninvasive tool widely used to assess autonomic nervous system state. The market for wearable devices that measure the heart rate has grown exponentially, as well as their potential use for healthcare and wellbeing applications. Still, there is a lack of validation of these devices. In particular, this work aims to validate the Apple Watch in terms of HRV derived from the RR interval series provided by the device, both in temporal (HRM (mean heart rate), SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50) and frequency (low and high frequency powers, LF and HF) domain. For this purpose, a database of 20 healthy volunteers subjected to relax and a mild cognitive stress was used. First, RR interval series provided by Apple Watch were validated using as reference the RR interval series provided by a Polar H7 using Bland-Altman plots and reliability and agreement coefficients. Then, HRV parameters derived from both RR interval series were compared and their ability to identify autonomic nervous system (ANS) response to mild cognitive stress was studied. Apple Watch measurements presented very good reliability and agreement (>0.9). RR interval series provided by Apple Watch contain gaps due to missing RR interval values (on average, 5 gaps per recording, lasting 6.5 s per gap). Temporal HRV indices were not significantly affected by the gaps. However, they produced a significant decrease in the LF and HF power. Despite these differences, HRV indices derived from the Apple Watch RR interval series were able to reflect changes induced by a mild mental stress, showing a significant decrease of HF power as well as RMSSD in stress with respect to relax, suggesting the potential use of HRV measurements derived from Apple Watch for stress monitoring.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.