SynthesisPsychological bulletin2018
Binocular summation revisited: Beyond √2.
Synthesis in Psychological bulletin, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Binocular summation is affected by crowding and tagging.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Binocular summation of suprathreshold color.Journal of vision · 2026Article
- PSD-95 drives binocular vision maturation critical for predation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Binocular Summation in Healthy Presbyopic Adults: Contrast Sensitivity and Defocus Curves.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- Differences in Preferred Retinal Loci of Fixation in Binocular and Monocular Vision.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Saccadic Reaction Times and Computational Modelling Reveal Heterogeneous Binocular Summation in Glaucomatous Visual Fields.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Binocular combination in the autonomic nervous system.PloS one · 2026Article
- Refining mini-monovision with monofocal plus intraocular lenses.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Signal combination in flutter vibration perception.PloS one · 2026Article
- Four Months of Exercise Intervention Improved Visuomotor, Functional and Cardiorespiratory Capacity in a Patient with Metastatic Uveal Melanoma.Reports (MDPI) · 2025Article
- Significant Age-Related Visual Declines but Preserved Binocular Summation of Contrast Sensitivity and Visual Acuity Across Adulthood.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Detection and identification of monocular, binocular, and dichoptic stimuli are mediated by binocular sum and difference channels.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- Binocular Contrast Sensitivity Function in Children With Anisometropic Amblyopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- When two eyes are worse than one: Binocular summation for chromatic, interocular-anti-phase stimuli.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- Chromatic and achromatic contrast sensitivity in the far periphery.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- Pupil size modulation drives retinal activity in mice and shapes human perception.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Comparison of Visual Performance Between Two Diffractive Trifocal Intraocular Lenses.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- An anti-Hebbian model for binocular visual plasticity and its attentional modulation.Communications biology · 2025Article
- What Factors Affect Binocular Summation?Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Binocular integration of chromatic and luminance signals.Journal of vision · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Our ability to detect faint images is better with two eyes than with one, but how great is this improvement? A meta-analysis of 65 studies published across more than 5 decades shows definitively that psychophysical binocular summation (the ratio of binocular to monocular contrast sensitivity) is significantly greater than the canonical value of √2. Several methodological factors were also found to affect summation estimates. Binocular summation was significantly affected by both the spatial and temporal frequency of the stimulus, and stimulus speed (the ratio of temporal to spatial frequency) systematically predicts summation levels, with slow speeds (high spatial and low temporal frequencies) producing the strongest summation. We furthermore show that empirical summation estimates are affected by the ratio of monocular sensitivities, which varies across individuals, and is abnormal in visual disorders such as amblyopia. A simple modeling framework is presented to interpret the results of summation experiments. In combination with the empirical results, this model suggests that there is no single value for binocular summation, but instead that summation ratios depend on methodological factors that influence the strength of a nonlinearity occurring early in the visual pathway, before binocular combination of signals. Best practice methodological guidelines are proposed for obtaining accurate estimates of neural summation in future studies, including those involving patient groups with impaired binocular vision. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.