ArticlePloS one2018
Functionally disconnected: A look at how study design influences neurofeedback data and mechanisms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04065906 (Near-infrared Spectroscopy Neurofeedback as a Treatment for Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), which is not on this map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Near-infrared Spectroscopy Neurofeedback as a Treatment for Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Potential of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Neurofeedback-A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Best Practice.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- The Impact of Alpha-Neurofeedback Training on Gastric Slow Wave Activity and Heart Rate Variability in Humans.Neurogastroenterology and motility · 2025Trial
- A randomized-controlled neurofeedback trial in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Treating Chronic Pain by Modulating Phenomenological and Psychophysiological Indices of Self-Transcendence: Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Protocol.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Digital health technologies for adults with ADHD: a scoping review.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Review
- Optimizing spatial specificity and signal quality in fNIRS: an overview of potential challenges and possible options for improving the reliability of real-time applications.Frontiers in neuroergonomics · 2024Review
- Successful modulation of temporoparietal junction activity and stimulus-driven attention by fNIRS-based neurofeedback-A randomized controlled proof-of-concept study.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2023Article
- Neurofeedback and neural self-regulation: a new perspective based on allostasis.Reviews in the neurosciences · 2022Review
- Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Neurofeedback Enhances Human Spatial Memory.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2021Article
- A Narrative Review on Clinical Applications of fNIRS.Journal of digital imaging · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioral therapy used to treat e.g. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Briefly, subjects are fed-back a putatively dysfunctional parameter of their brain activity in real time and must learn to control it in a suggested direction. NF protocols for ADHD have been used in practice for decades, though no clear standards on NF design have been implemented. Furthermore, studies often present only data from the general outcome of the NF treatment and do not look at how exactly the NF paradigm affects brain functionality, or what exactly the NF is training. The current study is two-fold: firstly, we look at how the functional connectivity (FC) patterns within key networks associated with ADHD differ between rests, feedback trials, success and failure in a complete functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based NF experiment on adults with ADHD. Secondly, due to methodological concerns discovered during the analysis of our data, we address important considerations in the design of NF that are often ignored in protocols being used widely in therapy and research today. In particular, we examine the common average reference and its impact on network activity as well as the importance of balancing the randomization in a design. Finally, we discuss how these methodological considerations may have influenced our FC results.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.