ArticlePloS one2018
Incremental treatment costs for HIV-infected women initiating antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy: A 24-month micro-costing cohort study for a maternal and child health clinic in Kenya.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The costs of diabetes treatment in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.BMJ global health · 2019Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness of providing pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV via online pharmacies in western Kenya: a modelling study.The Lancet. Global health · 2026Article
- Health and economic impact of oral PrEP provision across subgroups in western Kenya: a modelling analysis.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Health impact, budget impact, and price threshold for cost-effectiveness of lenacapavir for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in eastern and southern Africa: a modelling analysis.The lancet. HIV · 2024Article
- Estimating the cost of HIV services for key populations provided by the LINKAGES program in Kenya and Malawi.BMC health services research · 2023Article
- The early-stage comprehensive costs of routine PrEP implementation and scale-up in Zambia.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Activity-based costing for HIV, primary care and nutrition services in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic literature review and synthesis.Journal of global health economics and policy · 2021Article
- Optimizing HIV retesting during pregnancy and postpartum in four countries: a cost-effectiveness analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Article
- Attaining 95-95-95 through Implementation Science: 15 Years of Insights and Best Practices from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research's Implementation of the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Observational
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundTo date, little information exists on the costs of providing antiretroviral therapy (ART) within maternal and child health (MCH) clinics in Kenya. The main objective of this analysis was to estimate the annual incremental cost of providing ART within a MCH clinic for adult women initiated on ART during pregnancy over the first one and two years on treatment. The study site was the District Hospital in Kericho, Kenya.
methodsA micro-costing approach from the provider's perspective, based on a retrospective review of patient medical records, was used to evaluate incremental costs of care (2012 USD). Cost per patient in two cohorts were evaluated: the MCH clinic group comprised of adult women who initiated ART at the site's MCH clinic during pregnancy between 2008-2011; and for comparison, the ART clinic group comprised of adult, non-pregnant women who initiated ART at the site's ART clinic during 2008-2011. The two groups were matched on age and baseline CD4 count at initiation. Retention at year one/two on ART was defined as having completed a clinic visit at 365/730 days on ART +/- 90 days.
resultsFor patients defined as retained in care at year one, average incremental costs per patient were $234 for the MCH clinic group (median: 215; IQR: 186, 282) and $292 in the ART clinic group (median: 227; IQR: 178, 357). ARV and laboratory costs were less on average for the MCH clinic group compared to the ART clinic group (due to lower cost regimens and fewer tests), while personnel costs were higher for the MCH clinic group.
conclusionsThe annual incremental cost per patient of providing ART were similar in the two clinic settings in 2012. With shifts in recommended ARV regimens and lab monitoring over time, annual costs of care (using 2016 USD unit costs) have remained relatively constant in nominal terms for the MCH clinic group but have fallen substantially for the ART clinic group (from nominal $292 in 2012 to nominal $227 in 2016).
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