ArticleEnvironment international2018
Exposure to bisphenol A, chlorophenols, benzophenones, and parabens in relation to reproductive hormones in healthy women: A chemical mixture approach.
Article in Environment international, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- The banned sunscreen ingredients and their impact on human health: a systematic review.International journal of dermatology · 2020Pooled it
- Review
- Use of Chemical Hair Straighteners and Menstrual Disturbances.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2026Article
- Associations between self-reported personal care products use and menstrual cycle length and regularity in a US digital cohort.Environment international · 2026Article
- Endocrine and Reproductive Health Considerations of Sunscreen UV Filters: Insights from a Comprehensive Review 2014-2024.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- Transfersome-Based Delivery of Optimized Black Tea Extract for the Prevention of UVB-Induced Skin Damage.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- In utero exposure to a mixture of phthalates, parabens, and other phenols and menstrual cycle characteristics in adolescents.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Article
- Associations Between Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Exposure and Fertility Outcomes: A Decade of Human Epidemiological Evidence.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The impact of Bisphenol-A on human reproductive health.Toxicology reports · 2024Review
- Induction of fibrosis following exposure to bisphenol A and its analogues in 3D human uterine leiomyoma cultures.Journal of hazardous materials · 2024Article
- Urinary benzophenone-3 concentrations and ovarian reserve in a cohort of subfertile women.Fertility and sterility · 2024Article
- Time-varying associations of gestational and childhood triclosan with pubertal and adrenarchal outcomes in early adolescence.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2024Article
- Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Phthalates, and Semi-Volatile Chlorinated Organic Compounds in Urine of Commercial Fish Smokers, Ghana.Environmental health insights · 2024Article
- Review
- Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2023Article
- Occupational differences in personal care product use and urinary concentration of endocrine disrupting chemicals by gender.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2023Article
- Urinary phenol concentrations and fecundability and early pregnancy loss.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- The effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on ovarian- and ovulation-related fertility outcomes.Molecular reproduction and development · 2022Review
- Parabens and Menopause-Related Health Outcomes in Midlife Women: A Pilot Study.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2022Article
- Benzophenone-3, a chemical UV-filter in cosmetics: is it really safe for children and pregnant women?Postepy dermatologii i alergologii · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLittle is known about the associations of bisphenol A, chlorophenols, benzophenones, and parabens with reproductive hormone levels in women. Our goal was to evaluate the associations between repeated measures of these chemicals and their mixtures with reproductive hormones in women.
methodsLongitudinal urine samples from healthy, premenopausal women (n = 143 with 3-5 urine samples each) were measured for bisphenol A, five chlorophenols (2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, triclosan), two ultraviolet (UV) filters (benzophenone-1, benzophenone-3), and eight parabens and their metabolites (benzyl, butyl, ethyl, heptyl, methyl, propyl, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB)) over two menstrual cycles. Estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in blood up to 8 times each menstrual cycle. Linear mixed models were used for both single and multi-chemical exposures estimated using principal component analysis. Four factors were identified including: paraben; paraben metabolites and BPA, phenols, and UV filters. Models were adjusted for creatinine, age, race, and body mass index and weighted with inverse probability of exposure weights to account for time varying confounding.
resultsIn single-chemical models, 3,4-DHB was associated with estradiol (0.06 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.001, 0.12)), 2-4-DCP with increased progesterone 0.14 (0.06, 0.21) and decreased FSH -0.08 (-0.11, -0.04), and 4-HB was associated with increased FSH 0.07 (0.01, 0.13). In multi-chemical models, all factors were associated with increased progesterone (beta coefficient range: 0.15 for UV filter factor to 0.32 for paraben factor). The paraben factor and the paraben metabolite and BPA factor were associated with increased estradiol [0.21 (0.15, 0.28); 0.12 (0.07, 0.18)]. The phenol and UV filter factors were associated with decreased estradiol, FSH, and LH. The UV filter factor showed the strongest inverse association with estradiol -0.16 (-0.22, -0.10), FSH -0.12 (-0.17, -0.07), and LH -0.17 (-0.23, -0.10).
conclusionMixtures of phenols were associated with changes in reproductive hormones. Such changes could contribute to adverse health in women but additional research is necessary.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.