ArticleCell host & microbe2018
Vesicle-Cloaked Virus Clusters Are Optimal Units for Inter-organismal Viral Transmission.
Article in Cell host & microbe, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 183 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
183 citing papers in PubMed, 267 citations in OpenAlex.
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- TAM receptor tyrosine kinases as potential mediators of the non-lytic spread of non-enveloped viruses.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Comparison of human intestinal enteroid and zebrafish larva models for replication of human norovirus.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Transcriptional and Alternative Splicing Regulation of Autophagy and Vesicle Transport Pathways in Large Yellow Croaker Cells During Megalocytivirus Infection.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Unveiling alternate pathways for SARS-CoV-2 infection via extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A novel glycoform of the rotavirus outer capsid protein VP7 is secreted from polarized cells and activates innate immune cells.Journal of virology · 2026Article
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- Interactions between extracellular vesicles and viruses: lessons learned across species and kingdoms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Unveiling the role of extracellular vesicles in HIV infection: molecular mechanisms, viral persistence, and therapeutic opportunities.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Autophagy machinery as exploited by viruses.Autophagy reports · 2025Article
- Autophagic extracellular vesicles (AEVs) are distinct from exosomes and play crucial roles in viral infections.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Virion aggregation shapes infection dynamics and evolutionary potential.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles: Antiviral functions and applications in therapeutics and vaccines.iScience · 2025Review
- Insect-borne non-enveloped bluetongue virus utilizes discrete small vesicles for non-lytic release and cell-to-cell transmission.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Myosin-9 is required for lysosome-mediated nonlytic reovirus egress.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Rotavirus Reverse Genetics Systems and Oral Vaccine Delivery Vectors for Mucosal Vaccination.Microorganisms · 2025Review
123 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
In enteric viral infections, such as those with rotavirus and norovirus, individual viral particles shed in stool are considered the optimal units of fecal-oral transmission. We reveal that rotaviruses and noroviruses are also shed in stool as viral clusters enclosed within vesicles that deliver a high inoculum to the receiving host. Cultured cells non-lytically release rotaviruses and noroviruses inside extracellular vesicles. In addition, stools of infected hosts contain norovirus and rotavirus within vesicles of exosomal or plasma membrane origin. These vesicles remain intact during fecal-oral transmission and thereby transport multiple viral particles collectively to the next host, enhancing both the MOI and disease severity. Vesicle-cloaked viruses are non-negligible populations in stool and have a disproportionately larger contribution to infectivity than free viruses. Our findings indicate that vesicle-cloaked viruses are highly virulent units of fecal-oral transmission and highlight a need for antivirals targeting vesicles and virus clustering.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.