ReviewCurrent developments in nutrition2018
Human Milk Nutrient Composition in the United States: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Research Needs.
Review in Current developments in nutrition, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Human Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First Two Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Calcium, zinc, and vitamin D in breast milk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2023Pooled it
- Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- The Nutritional Composition and Energy Content of Donor Human Milk: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation in rural Pakistan increased some milk micronutrient concentrations, but not infant growth, at three-months postpartum: a randomized controlled trial substudy.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Literature-based human milk nutrient composition values for use in North American food composition databases.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Review
- Narrative review of human milk fortifiers for preterm infants.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- Assessment of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Exclusively Breastfed Infants: A Cross-Sectional Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Reference Values for Macronutrients in Human Milk: the Mothers, Infants and Lactation Quality (MILQ) Study.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the effect of different diets applied to breastfeeding mothers on the composition and quantity of human milk.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- Added Sugar Intake from Infant Formula and Complementary Foods: A Longitudinal Investigation and Implications for Infant Weight Gain.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Impact of Maternal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on Immunological Components of Breast Milk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Challenges and Opportunities in Quantifying Bioactive Compounds in Human Breastmilk.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Point-of-care human milk concentration by passive osmosis: comprehensive analysis of fresh human milk samples.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Article
- Synthesis of regioselectively protected building blocks of benzyl β-d-glucopyranoside.Carbohydrate research · 2024Article
- Narrative review of methodological advances in human milk fortification: for better preterm infant growth.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Access to and interest in human milk research opportunities among Black pregnant and postpartum people.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- The effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on fat mass and fat-free mass for breastfeeding mothers (0-24 months) in Makassar City, Indonesia.Journal of education and health promotion · 2024Article
- Perspective: The Human Milk Composition Initiative - Filling Crucial Gaps in Data on and Related to Human Milk in the United States and Canada.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Article
- Human Milk Nutrient Composition Data is Critically Lacking in the United States and Canada: Results from a Systematic Scoping Review of 2017-2022.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human milk is considered to be the ideal food for infants. Accurate, representative, and up-to-date nutrient composition data of human milk are crucial for the management of infant feeding, assessment of infant and maternal nutritional needs, and as a guide for developing infant formula. Currently in the United States, the nutrient profiles of human milk can be found in the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, and in books or review articles. Nonetheless, these resources all suffer major drawbacks, such as being outdated, incomplete profiles, limited sources of data, and uncertain data quality. Furthermore, no nutrient profile was developed specifically for the US population. The purposes of this review were to summarize the current knowledge of human milk nutrient composition from studies conducted in the United States and Canada, and to identify the knowledge gaps and research needs. The literature review was conducted to cover the years 1980-2017, and 28 research papers were found containing original data on macronutrients and micronutrients. Most of these 28 studies were published before 1990 and mainly examined samples from small groups of generally healthy lactating women. The experimental designs, including sampling, storage, and analytic methods, varied substantially between the different studies. Data of several components from these 28 studies showed some consistency for 1-6 mo postpartum, especially for protein, fat, lactose, energy, and certain minerals (e.g., calcium). The data for 7-12 mo postpartum and for other nutrients are very scarce. Comprehensive studies are required to provide current and complete nutrient information on human milk in the United States.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.