Observational studyJournal of women's health (2002)2018
Gender Differences in Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Patients Undergoing Switch of Cholinesterase Inhibitors: A Post Hoc Analysis of the EVOLUTION Study.
Observational study in Journal of women's health (2002), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease dementia: a meta-analysis.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2022Pooled it
- Association of Participation in the Collaborative Care Team With Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and Caregiver Distress.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Early emergence of motivational and hedonic feeding deficits in the TgF344-AD rat model of Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in the Preventive Effect of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Therapeutics on Dementia.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2023Review
- White matter hyperintensities and smaller cortical thickness are associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2023Article
- Factors Associated with Caregiver Burden in Caregivers of Older Patients with Dementia in Indonesia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Gender Differences in Disease, Function, and Behavioral Symptoms in Residents with Dementia.Western journal of nursing research · 2022Article
- Assess of Combinations of Non-Pharmacological Interventions for the Reduction of Irritability in Patients with Dementia and their Caregivers: A Cross-Over RCT.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Association of Variation in Behavioral Symptoms With Initial Cognitive Phenotype in Adults With Dementia Confirmed by Neuropathology.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- The CHRONOS Real-World Evidence of Biologic Treatments in Psoriatic Arthritis in Italy: AWomen's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2022Article
- Association Between the Cholinesterase Inhibitor Donepezil and the Cholinergic Precursor Choline Alphoscerate in the Treatment of Depression in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2022Article
- Article
- Behavioral and Psychological Effects of Coronavirus Disease-19 Quarantine in Patients With Dementia.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- A Survey for Examining the Effects of COVID-19 and Infection Control Measures in Older Persons With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia and Their Caregivers.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- Mild cognitive impairment in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional survey and cohort study.Clinical interventions in aging · 2019Article
- Gender differences in interactions and depressive symptoms among hospitalized older patients living with dementia.Journal of women & agingArticle
- Gender Differences in Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Among Community-Dwelling Mexican Americans Aged 80 and Older.American journal of Alzheimer's disease and other dementiasArticle
- Gender differences in presentation and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia among nursing home residents with moderate to severe dementia.Journal of women & agingArticle
- Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Switching from Oral Cholinesterase Inhibitors to Rivastigmine Transdermal Patch with 1-Step Titration in Patients with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A 24-Week, Open-Label, Multicenter Study in Japan.Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders extraArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline, often associated with Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEi) may attenuate cognitive decline and mitigate BPSD. The EVOLUTION group found that the switch from oral ChEi to transdermal rivastigmine patch formulation resulted in improvement/stabilization in the frequency of clinically relevant BPSD, but gender-specific subgroup analyses were not reported.
methodsParticipants underwent Neuropsychiatric Inventory to assess the frequency and severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms at baseline and 3 and 6 months after the switch from oral ChEi to transdermal rivastigmine patch. A descriptive post hoc analysis was conducted to assess whether there were gender-based differences in BPSD profile during the 6 months after the switch.
resultsThe entire sample consisted of 475 patients, 274 women and 201 men. Women were on average slightly older and with poorer cognitive performance (60.6% of the women had moderate-AD, defined as Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score of 10-17, vs. 43.8% of men). In mild-AD patients (MMSE score 18-26), the frequency of BPSD did not change significantly over time and an association was found between gender and depression (odds ratio; OR [95% confidence interval; CI] female vs. male = 3.32 [1.44-7.67]), anxiety (2.42 [1.23-4.79]), apathy (2.25 [1.07-4.70]), nighttime behavior disturbances (3.97 [1.66-9.49]), and appetite/eating abnormalities (2.39 [1.10-5.18]). Moderate-AD female patients had euphoria more frequently than male patients (OR [95% CI] female vs. male = 3.67 [1.25-10.74]). The frequency of delusions, anxiety, and irritability decreased during the first 3 months after the switch, independently of gender.
conclusionMild-AD women tended to suffer more frequently from BPSD than men; in the 3 months after treatment switch, moderate-AD patients showed a decrease in delusions, anxiety, and irritability, with no significant differences between genders. Ad hoc studies to investigate this potential gender effect in AD could be well worthwhile.
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