ArticleAge and ageing2018
The influence of childhood intelligence, social class, education and social mobility on memory and memory decline in late life.
Article in Age and ageing, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic review of the association between life-course socioeconomic status and late-life cognitive decline.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Pooled it
- Early life circumstances and their impact on health in adulthood and later life: a systematic review.BMC geriatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic Review on the Impact of Intelligence on Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Income Volatility During Early to Mid-adulthood and 10-year Memory Decline in a Longitudinal Synthetic Cohort.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Relationship between resilience and social trust in nursing homes in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Lifetime Socioeconomic Status, Cognitive Decline, and Brain Characteristics.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Cognition and Wealth Changes in Mid-to-later Life: A Latent Class Trajectories Approach Using the Health and Retirement Study.Journal of aging and health · 2024Article
- Influence of intergenerational social mobility on brain structure and global cognition: findings from the Whitehall II study across 20 years.Age and ageing · 2024Article
- The effect of education level on depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults-parallel mediating effects of economic security level and subjective memory ability.BMC geriatrics · 2024Article
- Association of preschool children behavior and emotional problems with the parenting behavior of both parents.World journal of clinical cases · 2024Article
- Toward digitally screening and profiling AD: A GAMLSS approach of MemTrax in China.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Association of Childhood and Midlife Neighborhood Socioeconomic Position With Cognitive Decline.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Cognitive Test Scores and Progressive Cognitive Decline in the Aberdeen 1921 and 1936 Birth Cohorts.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Education and Income Show Heterogeneous Relationships to Lifespan Brain and Cognitive Differences Across European and US Cohorts.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2022Article
- Birth Cohort Studies: Their Next Coming of Age.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2020Article
- Interpersonal relationships and drug use over time among homeless people: a qualitative study.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Early-life adversity and neurological disease: age-old questions and novel answers.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2019Review
- Intellectual engagement and cognitive ability in later life (the "use it or lose it" conjecture): longitudinal, prospective study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2018Article
- Cognitive reserve as a predictor of cognitive decline, but not age of diagnosis in patients with possible young-onset Alzheimer's disease: An underexplored population.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reportsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In an observational longitudinal study of a sub-sample of the Aberdeen 1936 birth cohort, from age 62 to 77 years, we investigated childhood intelligence, social class, education, life-course social mobility, memory test performance and memory decline in late life. We examined 388 local residents who had attended school in Aberdeen in 1947 and measured Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) at recruitment age about 64 years and up to five times until age about 77 years. Better performance at age about 64 on AVLT was predicted by early socioeconomic status (SES), social mobility and childhood intelligence. The trajectory of AVLT decline was steeper in those who had received less education. This relationship was independent of childhood ability, sex, SES in childhood and social mobility. The protection of memory by education suggests that education supports resilience to age-related cognitive impairment. Upward social mobility does not enhance this effect, suggesting that resilience to age-related decline may be established in early life.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.