ReviewCurrent microbiology2019
Clostridium difficile, the Difficult "Kloster" Fuelled by Antibiotics.
Review in Current microbiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut microbiota and diet in colorectal cancer: Converging determinants of carcinogenesis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Effects of sexual dimorphism and estrous cycle on murineInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Novel bile salt analogs reduce lipid accumulation in liver cells with potential to treat both metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and Clostridioides difficile infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Bile Acid Analogs with Anti-Germination Activities for Prophylaxis ofBiomolecules · 2025Article
- Tumor-resident microbiota in gynecologic malignancies: Molecular mechanisms, clinical correlations, and translational potential.iScience · 2025Review
- Effects of Sexual Dimorphism and the Estrous Cycle onACS infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Anaerobic gut bacteria and their potential role in the initiation, exacerbation, and development of human colorectal cancer: a narrative review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- From Hemorrhage to Diarrhea: The Comprehensive Clinical Journey of a Patient With Pseudomembranous Colitis.Cureus · 2024Article
- Intratumoural microbiota: a new frontier in cancer development and therapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- IRAK3 Knockout and Wildtype THP-1 Monocytes as Models for Endotoxin Detection Assays andInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Pre-colonization with the fungusmSphere · 2023Article
- Mechanism of germination inhibition of Clostridioides difficile spores by an aniline substituted cholate derivative (CaPA).The Journal of antibiotics · 2023Article
- Bacterial-fungal interactions and their impact on microbial pathogenesis.Molecular ecology · 2023Review
- Membrane Vesicles of ToxigenicAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Ocular Microbiome in a Group of Clinically Healthy Horses.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Role of the Microbiome in Regulating Bone Metabolism and Susceptibility to Osteoporosis.Calcified tissue international · 2022Article
- Vasomotor menopausal disorders as a possible result of dysfunction of the microbiota-intestine-brain axis.Journal of medicine and life · 2022Article
- The Microbiome in Pancreatic Cancer-Implications for Diagnosis and Precision Bacteriophage Therapy for This Low Survival Disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Characterization of the Effects of Candida Gastrointestinal Colonization on Clostridioides difficile Infection in a Murine Model.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is normally present in low numbers in a healthy adult gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Drastic changes in the microbial population, e.g., dysbiosis caused by extensive treatment with antibiotics, stimulates the growth of resistant strains and the onset of C. difficile infection (CDI). Symptoms of infection varies from mild diarrhea to colitis (associated with dehydration and bleeding), pseudomembranous colitis with yellow ulcerations in the mucosa of the colon, to fulminant colitis (perforation of the gut membrane), and multiple organ failure. Inflamed epithelial cells and damaged mucosal tissue predisposes the colon to other opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Candida spp., and Salmonella spp. This may lead to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), sepsis, toxic megacolon, and even colorectal cancer. Many stains of C. difficile are resistant to metronidazole and vancomycin. Vaccination may be an answer to CDI, but requires more research. Success in treatment with probiotics depends on the strains used. Oral or rectal fecal transplants are partly effective, as spores in the small intestine may germinate and colonize the colon. The effect of antibiotics on C. difficile and commensal gut microbiota is summarized and changes in gut physiology are discussed. The need to search for non-antibiotic methods in the treatment of CDI and C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD) is emphasized.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.