ReviewNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2019
What has sex got to do with it? The role of hormones in the transgender brain.
Review in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04717869 (Identifying Modifiable PAtient Centered Therapeutics Frailty), which is not on this map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Identifying Modifiable PAtient Centered Therapeutics Frailty: An Observational Cohort Study
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk and Resilience Factors for Mental Health among Transgender and Gender Nonconforming (TGNC) Youth: A Systematic Review.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2021Pooled it
- What a boy wants: Transgender men's hidden tran/scripts about the nonprescription use of gender-affirming hormones in mainland China.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Exploring the Impact of Sex and Gender in Brain Function: Implications and Considerations.Advances in therapy · 2024Article
- Early Female Transgender Identity after Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Report from a French National Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Cohort.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Article
- Sex and gender correlates of sexually polymorphic cognition.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Nutrition and Health in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning Community: A Narrative Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- Alterations in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus - a specific neural correlate of gender incongruence?Psychological medicine · 2023Article
- Headache prevalence in transgender and gender diverse youth: A single-center case-control study.Headache · 2023Article
- Cognitive Development and Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure in the CHAMACOS Cohort.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Concordance for Gender Dysphoria in Genetic Female Monozygotic (Identical) Triplets.Archives of sexual behavior · 2022Article
- Gender dysphoria in twins: a register-based population study.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Inter-Network Brain Functional Connectivity in Adolescents Assigned Female at Birth Who Experience Gender Dysphoria.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Gender Minority Stress, Psychiatric Comorbidities, and the Experience of Migraine in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals: a Narrative Review.Current pain and headache reports · 2021Review
- Implications of the Estrogen Receptor Coactivators SRC1 and SRC2 in the Biological Basis of Gender Incongruence.Sexual medicine · 2021Article
- A Multi-Modal MRI Analysis of Cortical Structure in Relation to Gender Dysphoria, Sexual Orientation, and Age in Adolescents.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Analysis of Four Polymorphisms Located at the Promoter of the Estrogen Receptor Alpha ESR1 Gene in a Population With Gender Incongruence.Sexual medicine · 2020Article
- Biological sex classification with structural MRI data shows increased misclassification in transgender women.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Article
- Sex Matters: A Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Sex- and Gender-Related Neuroanatomical Differences in Cis- and Transgender Individuals Using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2020Article
- Neuroendocrine pathways underlying risk and resilience to PTSD in women.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2019Review
- Effects of Estradiol Therapy on Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Transgender Women After Gender-Affirming Related Gonadectomy.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sex differences and hormonal effects in presumed cisgender individuals have been well-studied and support the concept of a mosaic of both male and female "characteristics" in any given brain. Gonadal steroid increases and fluctuations during peri-puberty and across the reproductive lifespan influence the brain structure and function programmed by testosterone and estradiol exposures in utero. While it is becoming increasingly common for transgender and gender non-binary individuals to block their transition to puberty and/or use gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) to obtain their desired gender phenotype, little is known about the impact of these manipulations on brain structure and function. Using sex differences and the effects of reproductive hormones in cisgender individuals as the backdrop, we summarize here the existing nascent neuroimaging and behavioral literature focusing on potential brain and cognitive differences in transgender individuals at baseline and after GAHT. Research in this area has the potential to inform our understanding of the developmental origins of gender identity and sex difference in response to gonadal steroid manipulations, but care is needed in our research questions and methods to not further stigmatize sex and gender minorities.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.