ReviewPharmaceutics2018
Tailoring Formulations for Intranasal Nose-to-Brain Delivery: A Review on Architecture, Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Mucociliary Clearance of the Nasal Olfactory Mucosa.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 180 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
180 citing papers in PubMed, 406 citations in OpenAlex.
- The APOLLO trial: a proof-of-concept study for vitamin A nasal drops in COVID-19-related postinfectious olfactory dysfunction.Chemical senses · 2026Trial
- Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of Dexmedetomidine two-phase flow atomization in healthy subjects: a randomized, parallel study.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Trial
- Intranasal drug delivery to the brain for neurodegenerative diseases: Current efforts and challenges in delivery platforms and modeling.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2026Review
- Review
- Intranasal therapies for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Chitosan-Based Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery for Management of Neurological Disorders: Intrinsic Neuroprotective Action and Carrier Capabilities.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Review
- Mucoadhesive Nanoemulsions for Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Dimethyl Fumarate: Development, Characterization and Proof-of-Concept In Vivo Evaluation.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Modelling Olfactory Dysfunction in Rodents Through Intranasal Vanadium Exposure.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Intranasal Tat-modified PEG-PCL nanomicelles delivering anti-RelA siRNA attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Zonisamide nanodiamonds for brain targeting: A comprehensive study utilising in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and molecular investigation for successful nose-to-brain delivery for epilepsy management.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Formulation considerations in enhancing olfactory mucosal deposition for nose-to-brain drug delivery.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Advances in Intranasal CNS Targeting: Integrating Formulations, Devices, Computational Fluid Dynamics, and 3D Printing.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Nasal Mucosal Heavy Metal Accumulation, Olfactory Dysfunction, and Histopathological Changes: A Prospective Clinical Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties of intranasal artesunate in a first in human phase 1 trial.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Distinct Functional Signatures of Human Olfactory and Respiratory Mucus Revealed by Proteomics Combined With Machine Learning.Proteomics. Clinical applications · 2026Article
- Development and Optimization of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone-Loaded Polylysine/Lecithin Nanoparticles for Potential Intranasal Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- The Cribriform Plate: A Multifaceted Neuroimmune Hub in CNS Health and Disease.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Comparison of Chitosan-Poloxamer Nanoparticles and Poloxamer-based In-Situ Forming Gel for Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Cetrorelix: In Vitro and Pharmacokinetic Studies in Rats.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Intranasal drug delivery: Unlocking the nose-to-brain route for central nervous system therapies.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
120 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier are major obstacles in central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery, since they block most molecules from entering the brain. Alternative drug delivery routes like intraparenchymal or intrathecal are invasive methods with a remaining risk of infections. In contrast, nose-to-brain delivery is a minimally invasive drug administration pathway, which bypasses the blood-brain barrier as the drug is directed from the nasal cavity to the brain. In particular, the skull base located at the roof of the nasal cavity is in close vicinity to the CNS. This area is covered with olfactory mucosa. To design and tailor suitable formulations for nose-to-brain drug delivery, the architecture, structure and physico-chemical characteristics of the mucosa are important criteria. Hence, here we review the state-of-the-art knowledge about the characteristics of the nasal and, in particular, the olfactory mucosa needed for a rational design of intranasal formulations and dosage forms. Also, the information is suitable for the development of systemic or local intranasal drug delivery as well as for intranasal vaccinations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.