ReviewFrontiers in immunology2018
Sex Hormones Regulate Innate Immune Cells and Promote Sex Differences in Respiratory Virus Infection.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predisposing factors to acquisition of acute respiratory tract infections in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of regional risk factors for critical outcomes of COVID-19 during early phase of the pandemic.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Intratracheal interleukin-10 administration reduces acute lung injury induced by sulfur dioxide exposure in mice.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Neurologic Manifestations of Long COVID Affect Adult Females More Severely Than Males.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Androgens protect ILC2S from functional suppression during influenza virus infection.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Biological sex influences immune response to influenza infection in juvenile outbred mice.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2026Article
- Gender differences and psychosocial stress in upper respiratory tract infections: insights from healthy and hematological cancer cohorts.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Endocrine Autoimmunity and Inflammatory Signatures in Pediatric Celiac Disease: Context-Dependent Patterns.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hormone-dependent immune regulation shapes asthma heterogeneity across the female lifespan.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Sex, hormones, and lung health.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Stroke-associated pneumonia in Japanese acute care settings: incidence and preliminary validation of risk prediction scores.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Sex differences in surgical treatment of pleural empyema: an exploratory retrospective comparison of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and thoracotomy.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2025Article
- Immune cell changes following chemotherapy in advanced pancreatic cancer with variations based on gender.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Progesterone-mediated immunomodulation in ruminant early pregnancy: mechanisms and implications for bovine fertility.Veterinary research communications · 2025Review
- Article
- Sex hormones regulate the sexual dimorphism of the lung resident immune milieu.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Pre-COVID-19 epidemiology of community respiratory viruses at a single US center reveals sex differences in influenza A and a higher ICU incidence of human metapneumovirus in the elderly population.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Influence of biological sex in inflammatory bowel diseases.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Reconsidering Gender in Asthma: Is It All About Sex? A Perspective Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Article
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sex differences in the incidence and severity of respiratory virus infection are widely documented in humans and murine models and correlate with sex biases in numbers and/or functional responses of innate immune cells in homeostasis and lung infection. Similarly, changes in sex hormone levels upon puberty, pregnancy, and menopause/aging are associated with qualitative and quantitative differences in innate immunity. Immune cells express receptors for estrogens (ERα and ERβ), androgens (AR), and progesterone (PR), and experimental manipulation of sex hormone levels or receptors has revealed that sex hormone receptor activity often underlies sex differences in immune cell numbers and/or functional responses in the respiratory tract. While elegant studies have defined mechanistic roles for sex hormones and receptors in innate immune cells, much remains to be learned about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of ER, PR, and AR in myeloid cells and innate lymphocytes to promote the initiation and resolution of antiviral immunity in the lung. Here, we review the literature on sex differences and sex hormone regulation in innate immune cells in the lung in homeostasis and upon respiratory virus infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.