Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30078924›Full record

ArticleApplied animal behaviour science2018

Animal emotion: Descriptive and prescriptive definitions and their implications for a comparative perspective.

Elizabeth S Paul, Michael T Mendl

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Applied animal behaviour science, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
61citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

61 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Exploring emotional expression in invertebrates: mechanisms, functions and phylogeny.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2026
    Review
  2. Tail-rattling in rodents: more than a threat display.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
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  5. Unveiling welfare concerns in Japanese exotic animal cafes.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2025
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Non-verbal effecting - animal research sheds light on human emotion communication.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2025
    Review
  10. The metabolic basis of cancer-related fatigue.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025
    Review
  11. Review
  12. Emotion in Nonverbal Communication: Comparing Animal and Human Vocalizations and Human Text Messages.Emotion review : journal of the International Society for Research on Emotion · 2025
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. MakingAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Elizabeth S PaulSchool of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
Michael T MendlSchool of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.

Funding

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/K00042X/1National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research NC/K00008X/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In recent years there has been a growing research interest in the field of animal emotion. But there is still little agreement about whether and how the word "emotion" should be defined for use in the context of non-human species. Here, we make a distinction between descriptive and prescriptive definitions. Descriptive definitions delineate the ways in which the word emotion is used in everyday life. Prescriptive definitions are used to pick out the set of events that scientific theories of emotion purport to explain. Picking out three prescriptive definitions, we show that the different ways in which emotions are defined correspond to processes that are distributed differentially across the animal kingdom. We propose that these definitions provide a useful starting point for investigating the varying emotional capacities of a wide range of animals, providing a basis for a new, comparative science of emotion.

Indexed as

AffectAnimal behaviourAnimal emotionConsciousnessDefinitionEmotion

Identifiers

PMID30078924
PMCPMC6041721

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.