ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2018
Parental Smoking and Risk of Childhood-onset Type 1 Diabetes.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Pooled it
- Parental smoking, type 1 diabetes, and islet autoantibody positivity in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2022Pooled it
- Changing epidemiology of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases in immigrants: A systematic review of population-based studies.Journal of autoimmunity · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- DNA Methylation Smoking Scores and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2025Article
- Nicotine dependence is associated with an increased risk of developing chronic, non-communicable inflammatory disease: a large-scale retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- A retrospective evaluation of parental smoking and the risk of Type 1 diabetes in children.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Prenatal and adult exposure to smoking and incidence of type 1 diabetes in children and adults-a nationwide cohort study with a family-based design.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Article
- The risk of Type 1 diabetes in children born after ART: a Nordic cohort study from the CoNARTaS group.Human reproduction open · 2024Article
- Preterm Birth, Developmental Smoke/Nicotine Exposure, and Life-Long Pulmonary Sequelae.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy and type 1 diabetes in the offspring: a nationwide register-based study with family-based designs.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- Shared etiology of type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a population-based twin study.European journal of endocrinology · 2022Article
- Anything New about Paternal Contribution to Reproductive Outcomes? A Review of the Evidence.The world journal of men's health · 2021Review
- Prediction of Type 1 Diabetes at Birth: Cord Blood Metabolites vs Genetic Risk Score in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Article
- Perinatal risk factors for pediatric onset type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases.European journal of pediatrics · 2021Article
- In utero and early-life exposure to thirdhand smoke causes profound changes to the immune system.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2021Article
- Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on childhood type 1 diabetes: a whole-of-population study.Diabetologia · 2020Article
- Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2020Review
- Smoking in pregnancy, cord blood cotinine and risk of celiac disease diagnosis in offspring.European journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Etiology and Pathogenesis of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) Compared to Type 2 Diabetes.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 11 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA few prospective studies suggest an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and lower risk of type 1 diabetes. However, the role of unmeasured confounding and misclassification remains unclear.
methodsWe comprehensively evaluated whether maternal smoking in pregnancy predicts lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in two Scandinavian pregnancy cohorts (185,076 children; 689 cases) and a Norwegian register-based cohort (434,627 children; 692 cases). We measured cord blood cotinine as an objective marker of nicotine exposure during late pregnancy in 154 cases and 476 controls. We also examined paternal smoking during pregnancy, in addition to environmental tobacco smoke exposure the first 6 months of life, to clarify the role of characteristics of smokers in general.
resultsIn the pregnancy cohorts, maternal smoking beyond gestational week 12 was inversely associated with type 1 diabetes, pooled adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.66 (95% CI = 0.51, 0.85). Similarly, in the Norwegian register-based cohort, children of mothers who still smoked at the end of pregnancy had lower risk of type 1 diabetes, aHR 0.65 (95% CI = 0.47, 0.89). Cord blood cotinine ≥30 nmol/L was also associated with reduced risk of type 1 diabetes, adjusted odds ratio 0.42 (95% CI = 0.17, 1.0). We observed no associations of paternal smoking during pregnancy, or environmental tobacco smoke exposure, with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes.
conclusionMaternal sustained smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower risk of type 1 diabetes in children. This sheds new light on the potential intrauterine environmental origins of the disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.