ArticleDiabetologia2018
Gluten intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in three large prospective cohort studies of US men and women.
Article in Diabetologia, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of a gluten-reduced or gluten-free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy Associations with Systemic Disease, Lifestyle, and Nutritional Intake.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Bifidobacterium longum Ameliorates Intestinal Inflammation and Metabolic Biomarkers in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet with Gliadin by Indoleacrylic Acid.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Article
- The Implications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Coeliac Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Celiac Disease and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, Fiber, and Gluten Intake and Risk of Laparoscopically Confirmed Endometriosis in Premenopausal Women.The Journal of nutrition · 2022Article
- Gluten Intake and Risk of Digestive System Cancers in 3 Large Prospective Cohort Studies.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2022Article
- An Overview of Alkylresorcinols Biological Properties and Effects.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2022Review
- "The Gluten-Free Diet and Its Relationship with Metabolic Syndrome: Dietary Friend or Foe?"Current nutrition reports · 2021Review
- Expanded Role of a Dietitian in Monitoring a Gluten-Free Diet in Patients with Celiac Disease: Implications for Clinical Practice.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Long-term Intake of Gluten and Cognitive Function Among US Women.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Gluten intake and metabolic health: conflicting findings from the UK Biobank.European journal of nutrition · 2021Article
- Wait-and-See Approach or Gluten-Free Diet Administration-The Rational Management of Potential Coeliac Disease.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Genetic, lifestyle, and health-related characteristics of adults without celiac disease who follow a gluten-free diet: a population-based study of 124,447 participants.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Article
- Brain Opioid Activity and Oxidative Injury: Different Molecular Scenarios Connecting Celiac Disease and Autistic Spectrum Disorder.Brain sciences · 2020Review
- Diabetogenic effect of gluten in Wistar albino rats: a preliminary preclinical screening.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2020Article
- The Janus Face of Cereals: Wheat-Derived Prebiotics Counteract the Detrimental Effect of Gluten on Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice Fed a High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2019Article
- Article
- Going Against the Grains: Gluten-Free Diets in Patients Without Celiac Disease-Worthwhile or Not?Digestive diseases and sciences · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aims/hypothesisWe investigated the association between gluten intake and long-term type 2 diabetes risk among Americans.
methodsWe followed women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, n = 71,602, 1984-2012) and NHS II (n = 88,604, 1991-2013) and men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS, n = 41,908, 1986-2012). Gluten intake was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire every 2-4 years. Incident type 2 diabetes was defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes confirmed using a supplementary questionnaire.
resultGluten intake was strongly correlated with intakes of carbohydrate components, especially refined grains, starch and cereal fibre (Spearman correlation coefficients >0.6). During 4.24 million years of follow-up, 15,947 people were confirmed to have type 2 diabetes. After multivariate adjustment, pooled HRs and 95% CIs for type 2 diabetes, from low to high gluten quintiles, were (p CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationGluten intake is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes risk among largely healthy US men and women. Limiting gluten in the diet is associated with lower intake of cereal fibre and possibly other beneficial nutrients that contribute to good health.
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Registered trials
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