ArticleCanadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique2018
Geographic disparities in accessing community pharmacies among vulnerable populations in the Greater Toronto Area.
Article in Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trends and patterns of pharmacist-administered vaccination in a predominantly Western Australian pharmacy group: retrospective analysis of routinely collected data.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2026Article
- Measuring the accessibility of veterinary care for companion animals in England and Wales.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2026Article
- Geographical access to community pharmacies in British Columbia, Canada.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2026Article
- Urban-rural disparities in spatiotemporal accessibility of pharmacy care: a case study of Vermont, USA.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Accessibility of Ontario pharmacies offering COVID-19 vaccination by rurality, community material deprivation, and ethnic concentration: a repeated cross-sectional geospatial analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A Comparison of Chinese and Korean Older Adult Immigrants' Transnational Healthcare Practices in Toronto, Canada: A Mixed-Methods Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Identifying pharmacy gaps: a spatiotemporal study of multimodal accessibility throughout the day.International journal of health geographics · 2025Article
- Assessing spatial accessibility of community pharmacies in England and Wales using floating catchment area techniques.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2025Article
- Broken Promises: Racism and Access to Medicines in Canada.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Review
- Patient perspectives on the vital primary care role of community pharmacists in Nova Scotia, Canada: qualitative findings from the PUPPY Study.The International journal of pharmacy practice · 2024Article
- COVID-19 case rates, spatial mobility, and neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics in Toronto: a spatial-temporal analysis.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2023Article
- Community pharmacists' expanding roles in supporting patients before and during COVID-19: An exploratory qualitative study.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2023Article
- Spatial modeling of vaccine deserts as barriers to controlling SARS-CoV-2.Communications medicine · 2022Article
- Pharmacy location and medical need: regional evidence from Canada.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Accessibility reality check.Canadian pharmacists journal : CPJ = Revue des pharmaciens du Canada : RPCArticle
- The association between the rate of potentially pharmacist-manageable emergency department visits and community income level and primary care provider availability: A spatial analysis.Canadian pharmacists journal : CPJ = Revue des pharmaciens du Canada : RPCArticle
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
objectivesGeographic accessibility to community pharmacies (CPs) plays an increasingly important role for the well-being of a community. This study examines the geographic distribution of CPs within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) relative to the residential patterns of vulnerable populations, including older adults (65+ years), infants and children (0-9 years), and low-income households.
methodsThe study develops a geographic accessibility index at a dissemination area (DA) level by employing the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method to measure geographic accessibility to pharmacies. A vulnerability index is also developed to assess and visualize the residential patterns of vulnerable groups. A combined vulnerability-accessibility index is then constructed to identify low-access areas associated with high levels of socio-economic vulnerability. A range of geo-referenced datasets are analyzed within a geographical information system.
resultsThe study reveals geographical disparities in accessing pharmacies between urban and suburban areas and across different neighbourhoods, while accounting for population density and distance decay. About 19% of the population (or 15% of DAs) are under-serviced, with very poor geographic access to CPs (1.7 CPs per 10,000 persons), compared to 29.6% of the DAs that are well-/over-serviced, with an average score of 2.8 CPs per 10,000 persons.
conclusionThe spatial-quantitative analysis at a small geography (DA) allows for improved accuracy for identifying specific neighbourhoods that are in need of greater access to pharmacies by vulnerable residents and areas that have an excessive supply of pharmacies. It provides implications for addressing barriers to accessing pharmacies among high-needs groups, including the rapidly growing older adult population in the GTA.
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