ReviewToxins2018
Botulinum Toxin Induced Atrophy: An Uncharted Territory.
Review in Toxins, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Botulinum Toxin Versus Placebo: A Meta-Analysis of Treatment and Quality-of-life Outcomes for Hyperhidrosis.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2021Pooled it
- Cellular Remodeling of Skeletal Muscle Following Botulinum Toxin A Injection: A Single-Nucleus RNA Sequencing Study.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Botulinum Toxin A Myths, Evidence, and Global Media Narratives.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Review
- Review
- The Influence of Age and Gender on Forehead Soft Tissue Thickness: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Study.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Article
- The effect of short-term treatment with botulinum toxin a on muscle stiffness in stroke patients: an exploratory study.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2025Article
- Intraoperative use of lateral spread response measurement in the upper orbicularis oculi and mandibular muscles in patients with hemifacial spasm after botulinum toxin treatment.Acta neurochirurgica · 2025Article
- Effect of Intensive Face Yoga on Facial Muscles Tonus, Stiffness, and Elasticity in Middle-Aged Women: A Pre-Experimental Clinical Trial.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Correlation between Delayed Relief after Microvascular Decompression and Morphology of the Lateral Spread Response in Patients with Hemifacial Spasm-Temporal versus Mandibular Branch Stimulation.Neurologia medico-chirurgica · 2025Article
- Onabotulinum toxin a treatment for posttraumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain: case series and literature review.Journal of oral & facial pain and headache · 2024Review
- Article
- Review
- Article
- Novel Technology for Facial Muscle Stimulation Combined With Synchronized Radiofrequency Induces Structural Changes in Muscle Tissue: Porcine Histology Study.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2023Article
- Article
- Novel botulinum neurotoxin-A tibial nerve perineural injection to alleviate overactive bladder symptoms in male rats.Animal cells and systems · 2022Article
- Morphea-like lesions after botulinum toxin A injections.JAAD case reports · 2020Article
- Article
- Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produce local chemo-denervation by cleaving soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. Botulinum neurotoxins are therapeutically indicated in several neurological disorders and have been in use for three decades. The long-term efficacy, safety, and side effects of BoNTs have been well documented in the literature. However, the development of muscle atrophy following chronic exposure to BoNTs has not received sufficient attention. Muscle atrophy is not only cosmetically distressing, but also has an impact on future injections. An extensive literature search was conducted on atrophy and mechanisms of atrophy. Five hundred and four relevant articles in the English language were reviewed. This review revealed the surprising lack of documentation of atrophy within the literature. In addition, as demonstrated in this review, the mechanisms and the clinical factors that may lead to atrophy have also been poorly studied. However, even with this limited information it is possible to indicate factors that could modify the clinical approach to botulinum toxin injections. This review highlights the need for further study of atrophy following BoNT injections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.