ArticleScientific reports2018
Rhesus monkeys metacognitively monitor memories of the order of events.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metacognition of ChatGPT in confidence judgements.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2026Article
- Metacognition in nonhuman primates: a review of current knowledge.Primates; journal of primatology · 2025Review
- Six adult male rhesus monkeys did not learn from the choices of a conspecific shown in videos.Animal cognition · 2023Article
- Preserved visual memory and relational cognition performance in monkeys with selective hippocampal lesions.Science advances · 2020Article
- Article
- Explicit memory and cognition in monkeys.Neuropsychologia · 2020Review
- Slow Progress with the Most Widely Used Animal Model: Ten Years of Metacognition Research in Rats, 2009-2019.Animal behavior and cognition · 2019Article
- Monkey Metacognition Could Generate More Insight.Animal behavior and cognition · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Human working memory is a capacity- and duration-limited system in which retention and manipulation of information is subject to metacognitive monitoring and control. At least some nonhuman animals appear to also monitor and control the contents of working memory, but only relatively simple cases where animals monitor or control the presence or absence of single memories have been studied. Here we combine a comparatively complex order memory task with methodology that assesses the capacity to introspect about memory. Monkeys observed sequential presentations of five images, and at test, reported which of two images from the list had appeared first during study. Concurrently, they chose to complete or avoid these tests on a trial-by-trial basis. Monkeys "knew when they knew" the correct response. They were less accurate discriminating images that had appeared close in time to one another during study and were more likely to avoid these difficult tests than they were to avoid easier tests. These results indicate that monkeys can metacognitively monitor relatively complex properties of the contents of working memory, including the quality of representations of temporal relations among images.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.