ArticleExpert review of endocrinology & metabolism2016
The modulation of estrogen-induced apoptosis as an interpretation of the women's health initiative trials.
Article in Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence.Lancet (London, England) · 2019Pooled it
- Randomized Trial Evaluation of the Benefits and Risks of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Among Women 50-59 Years of Age.American journal of epidemiology · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Menopausal hormone therapy and primary liver cancer: long-term follow-up of the women's health initiative randomized trials.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Estrogen Receptor Complex to Trigger or Delay Estrogen-Induced Apoptosis in Long-Term Estrogen Deprived Breast Cancer.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Estrogen Estetrol and Estrogen Mimic BMI-135 for the Treatment of Endocrine-Resistant Breast Cancer.Molecular pharmacology · 2020Article
- Article
- The SERM Saga, Something from Nothing: American Cancer Society/SSO Basic Science Lecture.Annals of surgical oncology · 2019Article
- Endoxifen, 4-Hydroxytamoxifen and an Estrogenic Derivative Modulate Estrogen Receptor Complex Mediated Apoptosis in Breast Cancer.Molecular pharmacology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) consisted of two placebo controlled trials: one in women with a uterus, using conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and the second trial in women without a uterus used CEE alone. The study population average age was approximately 63 years. Although the predicted rise in breast cancer occurred in the MPA plus CEE trial, the CEE alone trial, had a sustained decrease in breast cancer incidence. A unifying theory is presented that explains the decrease in breast cancer based on the new biology of estrogen-induced apoptosis in long-term estrogen deprived nascent breast cancer cells. Glucocorticoids block estrogen-induced apoptosis and MPA has glucocorticoid activity. This is why MPA increases breast cancer when used with CEE as menopausal hormone replacement. A safer menopausal hormone therapy can now be designed with a more selective synthetic progestin such as norethindrone acetate.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.