SynthesisScientific reports2018
Aluminum salts as an adjuvant for pre-pandemic influenza vaccines: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cross-protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus from seasonal influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of ferret studies.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants for pediatric influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nature communications · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Carvacrol nanoemulsion as a novel approach to augment H9N2 influenza vaccine efficacy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Endogenous living adjuvants for cancer vaccination: Concepts, mechanisms, and design principles.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate ester adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of influenza antigensFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Enhancing antibody levels and T cell activity of quadrivalent influenza vaccine by combining it with CpG HP021.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Safety and immunogenicity of a heterologous booster with an RBD virus-like particle vaccine following two- or three-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Review
- Salivary Glands after Prolonged Aluminum Exposure: Proteomic Approach Underlying Biochemical and Morphological Impairments in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Influenza vaccines: Past, present, and future.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Review
- Review
- Long-term exposure to low doses of aluminum affects mineral content and microarchitecture of rats alveolar bone.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Avian-origin H5/H7 influenza has the potential to cause the next influenza pandemic. Availability of effective vaccines is an essential part of pre-pandemic preparedness. However, avian influenza surface antigens are poorly immunogenic to humans, which necessitates the use of adjuvants to augment the immunogenicity of pre-pandemic influenza vaccines. Aluminum salts are approved, safe, and affordable adjuvants, but their adjuvanticity for influenza vaccines remains unverified. We conducted the first meta-analysis on this issue. A total of nine randomized controlled trials (2006-2013, 22 comparisons, 2,467 participants in total) compared aluminum-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccines versus non-adjuvanted counterparts. The weighted estimate for the ratio of the seroprotection rate after a single dose of H5N1 vaccine is 0.66 (95% CI: 0.53 to 0.83) by hemagglutination-inhibition assay or 0.56 (95% CI: 0.42 to 0.74) by neutralizing titer assay. The weighted estimate for the risk ratio of pain/tenderness at injection sites is 1.85 (95% CI: 1.56 to 2.19). The quality of evidence is low to very low for seroprotection (due to indirectness and potential reporting bias) and moderate for pain/tenderness (due to potential reporting bias), respectively. The significantly lower seroprotection rate after aluminum-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccines and the significantly higher risk of pain at injection sites indicate that aluminum salts decrease immunogenicity but increase local reactogenicity of pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccines in humans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.