ArticleBMJ open2018
Global implementation survey of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI): 20 years on.
Article in BMJ open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04074083 (A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of e-IMCI Implementation Compared to Standard of Care for Sick Children Aged Under Five Years in Primary Health Care Clinics in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.), which is not on this map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of e-IMCI Implementation Compared to Standard of Care for Sick Children Aged Under Five Years in Primary Health Care Clinics in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Clinical Signs Associated With Mortality and Sepsis in Young Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of a distance-learning vs standard training in the integrated management of childhood illnesses: a cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC public health · 2025Trial
- Electronic Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (eIMCI): a randomized controlled trial to evaluate an electronic clinical decision-making support system for management of sick children in primary health care facilities in South Africa.BMC health services research · 2024Trial
- Effect of home-based childcare on childhood mortality in rural Maharashtra, India: a cluster randomised controlled trial.BMJ global health · 2022Trial
- Cause-specific mortality of children younger than 5 years in communities receiving biannual mass azithromycin treatment in Niger: verbal autopsy results from a cluster-randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2020Trial
- Beyond pulse oximetry: lessons from the AIRE project on translating innovation into improved child survival.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Implementation research on enhanced community case management of pneumonia in Bangladesh: study protocol.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Knowledge of pulse oximetry, indications for oxygen therapy, and integrated management of childhood illness among health care workers in Nigerian primary and secondary health facilities: a cross-sectional survey.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Exploring the acceptability and adherence of the integrated MAMI care pathway for supporting vulnerable infants and their mothers in South Sudan: a qualitative study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Strengthening access to zinc and oral rehydration solution for childhood diarrheal treatment in Africa.Global health research and policy · 2025Article
- Community health workers identify children requiring health center admission in Northern Uganda: prehospital risk prediction using vital signs and advanced point-of-care tests.Global health action · 2025Observational
- Pulse oximetry to optimise first-line care and save children's lives: evidence from the AIRE project in West Africa.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Exploring Community Roles in Managing Childhood Illnesses in Vhembe District, Limpopo: Perspectives from Nurses and Caregivers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Know-do gaps in the clinical management of childhood illness: evidence from three countries in sub-Saharan Africa.BMC public health · 2025Observational
- Evaluation of a Scalable Design for a Pediatric Telemedicine and Medication Delivery Service: A Prospective Cohort Study in Haiti.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Scoping review of evidence-based practice guidelines for the evaluation and care of young children with developmental disabilities in LMIC settings: evidence for action.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Article
- Ubuntu philosophy as a strategy to promote access to under-five child healthcare services.Curationis · 2025Review
- Article
- A cluster randomized trial assessing the effect of a digital health algorithm on quality of care in Tanzania (DYNAMIC study).PLOS digital health · 2024Article
- The Impact of the Alma-Ata Declaration on Global Pediatric Health Disparities: An Intersectional Perspective.Current tropical medicine reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the extent to which Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) has been adopted and scaled up in countries.
settingThe 95 countries that participated in the survey are home to 82% of the global under-five population and account for 95% of the 5.9 million deaths that occurred among children less than 5 years of age in 2015; 93 of them are low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional self-administered survey. Questionnaires and data analysis focused on (1) giving a general overview of current organisation and financing of IMCI at country level, (2) describing implementation of IMCI's three original components and (3) reporting on innovations, barriers and opportunities for expanding access to care for children. A single data file was created using all information collected. Analysis was performed using STATA V.11.
participantsIn-country teams consisting of representatives of the ministry of health and country offices of WHO and Unicef.
resultsEighty-one per cent of countries reported that IMCI implementation encompassed all three components. Almost half (46%; 44 countries) reported implementation in 90% or more districts as well as all three components in place (full implementation). These full-implementer countries were 3.6 (95% CI 1.5 to 8.9) times more likely to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 than other (not full implementer) countries. Despite these high reported implementation rates, the strategy is not reaching the children who need it most, as implementation is lowest in high mortality countries (39%; 7/18).
conclusionThis survey provides a unique opportunity to better understand how implementation of IMCI has evolved in the 20 years since its inception. Results can be used to assist in formulating strategies, policies and activities to support improvements in the health and survival of children and to help achieve the health-related, post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.