SynthesisInternational journal of environmental research and public health2018
Assessing Heat-Related Mortality Risks among Rural Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Evidence.
Synthesis in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic review of the impact of heatwaves on health service demand in Australia.BMC health services research · 2022Pooled it
- Knowledge Gaps and Research Priorities on the Health Effects of Heatwaves: A Systematic Review of Reviews.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Structural heat adaptation and education in a rural setting of Pakistan: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2026Trial
- Developing a Novel Heat Vulnerability Index for Maricopa County, Arizona.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Urban-rural disparities in heatwave effects on under-5 mortality in China, 2009-2019: a nationwide case-crossover study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Health impacts of extreme heat in medically at-risk populations: a space-time stratified case-crossover analysis in Belgium.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- A scoping review of the impact of extreme weather events on health outcomes and healthcare utilization in rural and remote areas.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Heat vulnerability: health impacts of heat on older people in urban and rural areas in Europe.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2024Article
- Prediction of heatwave related mortality magnitude, duration and frequency with climate variability and climate change information.Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment : research journal · 2024Article
- Assessing heat effects on respiratory mortality and location characteristics as modifiers of heat effects at a small area scale in Central-Northern Europe.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2023Article
- Exploring vulnerability to heat and cold across urban and rural populations in Switzerland.Environmental research, health : ERH · 2023Article
- The Association between Apparent Temperature and Hospital Admissions for Cardiovascular Disease in Limpopo Province, South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Supporting Design to Develop Rural Revitalization through Investigating Village Microclimate Environments: A Case Study of Typical Villages in Northwest China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Rural heat health disparities: Evidence from the U.S. National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS).The journal of climate change and healthArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most epidemiological studies of high temperature effects on mortality have focused on urban settings, while heat-related health risks in rural areas remain underexplored. To date there has been no meta-analysis of epidemiologic literature concerning heat-related mortality in rural settings. This study aims to systematically review the current literature for assessing heat-related mortality risk among rural populations. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify articles published up to April 2018. Key selection criteria included study location, health endpoints, and study design. Fourteen studies conducted in rural areas in seven countries on four continents met the selection criteria, and eleven were included in the meta-analysis. Using the random effects model, the pooled estimates of relative risks (RRs) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were 1.030 (95% CI: 1.013, 1.048) and 1.111 (95% CI: 1.045, 1.181) per 1 °C increase in daily mean temperature, respectively. We found excess risks in rural settings not to be smaller than risks in urban settings. Our results suggest that rural populations, like urban populations, are also vulnerable to heat-related mortality. Further evaluation of heat-related mortality among rural populations is warranted to develop public health interventions in rural communities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.