ArticleCognition2018
Expectation affects learning and modulates memory experience at retrieval.
Article in Cognition, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dissociable effects of schema congruency on item recognition and source memory across levels of expectedness and surprise.Memory & cognition · 2026Article
- Autonomy in learning: Predictability modulates the beneficial effect of choice on memory.Memory & cognition · 2026Article
- Differential effects of contextual congruency on recognition and retrieval of perceptual details.Memory & cognition · 2026Article
- Beyond the locus coeruleus: pupil dynamics as a systems-level marker of neuromodulatory influences on hippocampal memory.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Unexpected Events Resist Directed Forgetting.Journal of cognitive enhancement : towards the integration of theory and practice · 2026Article
- Expectation violation enhances short-term source memory.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025Article
- Schemas, reinforcement learning and the medial prefrontal cortex.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2025Review
- When personality meets surprise: individual differences in memory for unexpected events.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Unexpected Twists: Electrophysiological Correlates of Encoding and Retrieval of Events Eliciting Prediction Error.Psychophysiology · 2025Article
- Schema-driven prediction effects on episodic memory across the lifespan.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Mixing novel and familiar cues modifies representations of familiar visual images and affects behavior.Cell reports · 2024Article
- Grasp and remember: the impact of human and robotic actions on object preference and memory.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Remembering what we imagine: the role of event schemas in shaping how imagined autobiographical events are recalled.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Disentangling emotional source memory: a mega-analysis on the effects of emotion on item-context binding in episodic long-term memory.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Pupil response patterns distinguish true from false memories.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Predictions transform memories: How expected versus unexpected events are integrated or separated in memory.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2023Review
- Adult age differences in event memory updating: The roles of prior-event retrieval and prediction.Psychology and aging · 2023Article
- Does Expecting Matter? The Impact of Experimentally Established Expectations on Subsequent Memory Retrieval of Emotional Words.Journal of Intelligence · 2023Article
- TRPC4 Channel Knockdown in the Hippocampal CA1 Region Impairs Modulation of Beta Oscillations in Novel Context.Biology · 2023Article
- Informative and uninformative prestimulus cues at encoding benefit familiarity and source memory.Memory (Hove, England) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Our ability to make predictions and monitor regularities has a profound impact on the way we perceive the environment, but the effect this mechanism has on memory is not well understood. In four experiments, we explored the effects on memory of the expectation status of information at encoding or at retrieval. In a rule-learning task participants learned a contingency relationship between 6 different symbols and the type of stimulus that followed each one. Either at encoding (Experiments 1a and 1b) or at retrieval (Experiments 2a and 2b), the established relationship was violated for a subset of stimuli resulting in the presentation of both expected and unexpected stimuli. The expectation status of the stimuli was found to have opposite effects on familiarity and recollection performance, the two kinds of memory that support recognition memory. At encoding (Experiments 1a and 1b), the presentation of expected stimuli selectively enhanced subsequent familiarity performance, while unexpected stimuli selectively enhanced subsequent recollection. Similarly, at retrieval (Experiments 2a and 2b), expected stimuli were more likely to be deemed familiar than unexpected stimuli, whereas unexpected stimuli were more likely to be recollected than were expected stimuli. These findings suggest that two separate memory enhancement mechanisms exist; one sensitive and modulating the accuracy of memory for the contextually distinctive or unexpected, and the other sensitive to and modulating the accuracy of memory for the expected. Therefore, the degree to which information fits with expectation has critical implications for the type of computational mechanism that will be engaged to support memory.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.