ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2018
Assessing Individual and Disseminated Effects in Network-Randomized Studies.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Overall, Direct, Spillover, and Composite Effects of Components of a Peer-Driven Intervention Package on Injection Risk Behavior Among People Who Inject Drugs in the HPTN 037 Study.AIDS and behavior · 2024Trial
- Disseminated Effects in Agent-Based Models: A Potential Outcomes Framework and Application to Inform Preexposure Prophylaxis Coverage Levels for HIV Prevention.American journal of epidemiology · 2021Trial
- Sensitivity analysis for contamination in egocentric-network randomized trials with interference.Biostatistics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Estimation and inference for causal spillover effects in egocentric-network randomized trials in the presence of network membership misclassification.Biostatistics (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Assessing spillover effects: Handling missing outcomes in network-based studies.Statistical methods in medical research · 2025Article
- Design of egocentric network-based studies to estimate causal effects under interference.Statistical methods in medical research · 2025Article
- Estimating Causal Effects of HIV Prevention Interventions with Interference in Network-based Studies among People Who Inject Drugs.The annals of applied statistics · 2023Article
- Methods for Assessing Spillover in Network-Based Studies of HIV/AIDS Prevention among People Who Use Drugs.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Evaluating the Mediating Role of Recall of Intervention Knowledge in the Relationship Between a Peer-Driven Intervention and HIV Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- Randomization for the susceptibility effect of an infectious disease intervention.Journal of mathematical biology · 2022Article
- Toward evaluation of disseminated effects of medications for opioid use disorder within provider-based clusters using routinely-collected health data.Statistics in medicine · 2022Article
- Emulating Target Trials to Improve Causal Inference From Agent-Based Models.American journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Complex systems models for causal inference in social epidemiology.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2021Article
- Rx for Addiction and Medication Safety (RAMS-PEER): Evaluation of an Education and Peer Program on Opioid Misuse.Preventing chronic disease · 2020Article
- Interpretation of the Individual Effect Under Treatment Spillover.American journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Implementation trials often involve clustering via risk networks, where only some participants directly receive the intervention. The individual effect is that among directly treated persons beyond being in an intervention network; the disseminated effect is that among persons engaged with those directly treated. In this article, we employ a causal inference framework and discuss assumptions and estimators for individual and disseminated effects and apply them to the HIV Prevention Trials Network 037 Study. HIV Prevention Trials Network 037 was a phase III, network-level, randomized controlled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention trial conducted in the United States and Thailand from 2002 to 2006 that recruited injection drug users, who were assigned to either an intervention group or a control group, and their risk network members, who received no direct intervention. Combining individual and disseminated effects, we observed a 35% composite rate reduction in the adjusted model (risk ratio = 0.65, 95% confidence interval: 0.47, 0.90). Methodology is now available for estimating the full set of these effects, enhancing knowledge gained from network-randomized trials. Although the overall effect gains validity from network randomization, we show that it will generally be less than the composite effect. Additionally, if only index participants benefit from the intervention, as the network size increases, the overall effect tends toward the null-an unfortunate and misleading conclusion.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.