ArticleJournal of anatomy2018
Architecture of structures in the urogenital triangle of young adult males; comparison with females.
Article in Journal of anatomy, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association between levator ani avulsion and urinary incontinence in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2021Pooled it
- Macroscopical and histological characterization of the perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Anterior Perineal Hernia following Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy in a Male Patient: A Case of Transperineal Mesh Repair.Surgical case reports · 2026Article
- Presence of smooth muscle continuous with the rectal and vaginal walls in the deep perineal space prompts reconsideration of the deep transverse perineal muscle.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Revisiting the external urethral sphincter: new anatomical insights from a human cadaver study.World journal of urology · 2024Article
- Pain in the enthesis of levator ani muscle: A novel source of chronic pelvic pain.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2024Article
- Between-sexes differences in lumbopelvic muscle mechanical properties of non-climacteric adults: a cross-sectional design.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Automatic segmentation of the female pelvic floor muscles on MRI for pelvic floor function assessment.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2023Article
- Pelvic floor and perineal muscles: a dynamic coordination between skeletal and smooth muscles on pelvic floor stabilization.Anatomical science international · 2023Review
- Novel combination method of wide-range serial sectioning and 3D reconstruction visualizing both macro-level dynamics and micro-level interactions in an attempt to analyze the female pelvic floor.Anatomical science international · 2023Review
- Urologic latency time during uroflow stop test with electromyography: an incontinence detector in rehabilitation after robotic radical prostatectomy.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2023Observational
- Study of female pelvic floor muscle in overactive bladder based on MRI 3D reconstruction.BMC urology · 2022Article
- The Most Common Functional Disorders and Factors Affecting Female Pelvic Floor.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Novel 3D MRI technique to measure perineal membrane structural changes with pregnancy and childbirth: Technique development and measurement feasibility.International urogynecology journal · 2021Article
- Anatomy of Cowper's gland in humans suggesting a secretion and emission mechanism facilitated by cooperation of striated and smooth muscles.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Attachment of the levator ani muscle extends to the superior ramus of the pubic bone through electrophysiological and anatomical examinations.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The series of smooth muscle structures in the pelvic floors of men: Dynamic coordination of smooth and skeletal muscles.Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- The "Omega Sign": a novel HoLEP technique that improves continence outcomes after enucleation.World journal of urology · 2021Article
- Interactive three-dimensional teaching models of the female and male pelvic floor.Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The fibro-muscular architecture of the urogenital triangle remains contentious. Reasons are small size of the constituting structures and poor visibility with most imaging methods. We reinvestigated the area in serial sections of three males (21-38 years old) of the American and Chinese Visible Human Projects and two 26-week-old male fetuses, and compared the findings with earlier observations in females. The mass of the levator ani muscle was approximately twofold smaller and its funnel shape steeper in males than females. In the levator hiatus, a strand of the smooth longitudinal muscle layer of the rectum, the 'rectourethral (RU) muscle', extended anteriorly from the anorectal bend to the penile bulb. Fibrous tissue that formed in the inferior reach of the fetal RU muscle identified the location of the developing perineal body (PB) and divided the muscle into posterior 'rectoperineal' and anterior 'deep perineal' portions. In males, the PB remained small and bipartite, so that the RU muscle presented as an undivided midline structure. The well-developed female PB, instead, intertwined with the deep perineal muscle and both structures passed the vagina bilaterally to form the perineal membrane in the posterior portion of the urogenital triangle. The urethral rhabdosphincter extended in the anterior portion of the urogenital triangle between the penile bulb inferiorly and the bladder neck superiorly, and consisted of a well-developed circular 'membranous' portion with bilateral posteroinferior 'wings' and a thinner 'prostatic' portion on the prostate anterior side. In men, muscles occupy the urogenital triangle, but additional tightening of the locally fibrous adipose tissue by the superficial transverse perineal muscle appears necessary to generate functional support in women. An interactive 3D pdf file with these anatomical details (available online) should allow more accurate interpretation of ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance images.
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