ArticleAnnals of surgery2018
Xenoantigen Deletion and Chemical Immunosuppression Can Prolong Renal Xenograft Survival.
Article in Annals of surgery, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bibliometric analysis of liver xenotransplantation (2005-2025): trends, challenges and future directions.Updates in surgery · 2026Article
- Multiple human transgenes prolong survival of triple-carbohydrate knockout porcine kidney xenografts in nonhuman primates.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Porcine kidney xenotransplantation: From primate models to clinical reality.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Swine Leukocyte Antigen-12 Behaves Like a Swine Leukocyte Antigen Classical Class I Protein and is a Potential Xenoantigen in Humans.Transplantation direct · 2026Article
- Article
- Porcine xenotransplantation in the clinical era: converging advances and unresolved barriers on the path to clinical translation - a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Xeno kidney: revolutionizing kidney disease treatment.Frontiers in nephrology · 2026Review
- The use of transgenic animals for xenotransplantation: An update.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Xenotransplantation: Current Understanding of the Mechanism of Immune-Mediated Injury.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2025Review
- Current status of xenotransplantation from an immunobiological standpoint.Clinical transplantation and research · 2025Review
- [Research and application progress for liver xenotransplantation].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2025Review
- Surveillance and prevention of infection in clinical xenotransplantation.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Extended survival of 9- and 10-gene-edited pig heart xenografts with ischemia minimization and CD154 costimulation blockade-based immunosuppression.The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation · 2024Article
- Genetic engineering drives the breakthrough of pig models in liver disease research.Liver research (Beijing, China) · 2024Review
- Advances in single-cell transcriptomics in animal research.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Pretransplant Screening for Prevention of Hyperacute Graft Loss in Pig-to-primate Kidney Xenotransplantation.Transplantation · 2024Article
- Physiological basis for xenotransplantation from genetically modified pigs to humans.Physiological reviews · 2024Review
- Spatiotemporal immune atlas of a clinical-grade gene-edited pig-to-human kidney xenotransplant.Nature communications · 2024Article
- What Genetic Modifications of Source Pigs Are Essential and Sufficient for Cell, Tissue, and Organ Xenotransplantation?Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2024Review
- Advancing kidney xenotransplantation with anesthesia and surgery - bridging preclinical and clinical frontiers challenges and prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveXenotransplantation using pig organs could end the donor organ shortage for transplantation, but humans have xenoreactive antibodies that cause early graft rejection. Genome editing can eliminate xenoantigens in donor pigs to minimize the impact of these xenoantibodies. Here we determine whether an improved cross-match and chemical immunosuppression could result in prolonged kidney xenograft survival in a pig-to-rhesus preclinical model.
methodsDouble xenoantigen (Gal and Sda) knockout (DKO) pigs were created using CRISPR/Cas. Serum from rhesus monkeys (n = 43) was cross-matched with cells from the DKO pigs. Kidneys from the DKO pigs were transplanted into rhesus monkeys (n = 6) that had the least reactive cross-matches. The rhesus recipients were immunosuppressed with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 T-cell depletion, anti-CD154, mycophenolic acid, and steroids.
resultsRhesus antibody binding to DKO cells is reduced, but all still have positive CDC and flow cross-match. Three grafts were rejected early at 5, 6, and 6 days. Longer survival was achieved in recipients with survival to 35, 100, and 435 days. Each of the 3 early graft losses was secondary to IgM antibody-mediated rejection. The 435-day graft loss occurred secondary to IgG antibody-mediated rejection.
conclusionsReducing xenoantigens in donor pigs and chemical immunosuppression can be used to achieve prolonged renal xenograft survival in a preclinical model, suggesting that if a negative cross-match can be obtained for humans then prolonged survival could be achieved.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.