ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2018
Do Income, Race and Ethnicity, and Sprawl Influence the Greenspace-Human Health Link in City-Level Analyses? Findings from 496 Cities in the United States.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Does the biodiversity of urban green spaces impact on human health? A systematic review of literature.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Association of greenspaces exposure with cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2024Pooled it
- The Influence of Green Space on Obesity in China: A Systematic Review.Obesity facts · 2022Pooled it
- Green Space and Health Equity: A Systematic Review on the Potential of Green Space to Reduce Health Disparities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- School Green Space and Its Impact on Academic Performance: A Systematic Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- "You thrive where you are:" Experiences of neighborhood built environments, mental health and wellbeing among residents of disinvested neighborhoods.Health & place · 2026Article
- Race and Risk: Disentangling the Racialized Distribution of Neighborhood Resources and Differential Health Risks in Southern U.S. Cities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Beyond greenness: multidimensional urban nature profiles and arteriosclerotic cardiovascular risk.Environment international · 2026Article
- State-of-Art in Studying the Public Health Effects of Heat: A Literature Review.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2025Review
- Perceived Benefits of Nature in Diverse Populations.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Exploring the nexus of urban form, transport, environment and health in large-scale urban studies: A state-of-the-art scoping review.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Developing the Health Effect Assessment of Landscape (HEAL) Tool: Assessing the Health Effects of Community Greenspace Morphology Design on Non-Communicable Diseases.Landscape and urban planning · 2024Article
- Impacts of sociodemographic factors, identities and neighbourhood safety on the relationship between urban green space and adolescent mental well-being: Findings from Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand.SSM - population health · 2024Article
- The spatial relationship between long-term vacant housing and non-communicable diseases in U.S. shrinking and growing metropolitan areas.Cities (London, England) · 2024Article
- Recent greening may curb urban warming in Latin American cities of better economic conditions.Landscape and urban planning · 2023Article
- Associations between vacant urban lands and public health outcomes in growing and shrinking cities.Urban forestry & urban greening · 2023Article
- Ecological Momentary Assessment of Midlife Adults' Daily Stress: Protocol for the Stress Reports in Variable Environments (STRIVE) App Study.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
- Methods in Public Health Environmental Justice Research: a Scoping Review from 2018 to 2021.Current environmental health reports · 2023Article
- Association between urban greenspace, tree canopy cover and intentional deaths: An exploratory geospatial analysis.Urban forestry & urban greening · 2023Article
- Telepresence robots as facilitators of physical exercise during COVID-19: a feasibility and acceptance study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Examination of the greenspace-human health relationship operates in at least four dimensions: what is considered greenspace? which moderators and mediators are included? what outcomes are measured? and which units of analysis (e.g., individuals, cities) are studied? We examined three of these four dimensions in a cross-sectional study of 496 of the 500 most populated US cities (total population size = 97,574,613, average population per city = 197,920). Spatial average models tested the effect of two greenspace measures (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index greenness and tree cover) on two outcomes (obesity and mental health), while adjusting for income, race and ethnicity, sprawl, age, sex, physical inactivity, median age of housing, and total population. We conducted analyses at the city scale, which is an understudied unit of analysis, and compared findings to individual- and neighborhood-level studies. In two of four models, greenspace was associated with better health. We found race and ethnicity moderated this relationship with varying results. In full sample analyses, cities with greater percentages of non-Hispanic Whites showed links between higher tree cover and lower obesity but marginal relationships between higher greenness and lower obesity. In subsample analyses with majority-non-Hispanic Black cities, higher tree cover was associated with lower obesity and better mental health. These findings advance previous research by showing that race and ethnicity moderate the greenspace-health link at the city level.
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