ArticleScience advances2018
Religious change preceded economic change in the 20th century.
Article in Science advances, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A meta-analytic review of the associations between dimensions of religious coping and psychological symptoms during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Towards an understanding of the impact of micro- and macro-manifestations of religiosity on climate change risk perception: a cross-national study.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Response to collective threat: Russian invasion unifies Ukrainians across ethnic, linguistic, religious and geographic lines.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Are Religiosity and Spirituality Related to Self-Reported Health Expectancy? An Analysis of the European Values Survey.Journal of religion and health · 2022Article
- Assessing different historical pathways in the cultural evolution of economic development.Evolution and human behavior : official journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society · 2022Article
- How social learning shapes the efficacy of preventative health behaviors in an outbreak.PloS one · 2022Article
- CLARITY: comparing heterogeneous data using dissimilarity.Royal Society open science · 2021Article
- Culture and Social Change in Mothers' and Fathers' Individualism, Collectivism and Parenting Attitudes.Social sciences · 2021Article
- National religiosity eases the psychological burden of poverty.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Humanity's Attitudes about Democracy and Political Leaders: Patterns and Trends.Public opinion quarterly · 2021Article
- Cultural values predict national COVID-19 death rates.SN social sciences · 2021Article
- Cultural prerequisites of socioeconomic development.Royal Society open science · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The decline in the everyday importance of religion with economic development is a well-known correlation, but which phenomenon comes first? Using unsupervised factor analysis and a birth cohort approach to create a retrospective time series, we present 100-year time series of secularization in different nations, derived from recent global values surveys, which we compare by decade to historical gross domestic product figures in those nations. We find evidence that a rise in secularization generally has preceded economic growth over the past century. Our multilevel, time-lagged regressions also indicate that tolerance for individual rights predicted 20th century economic growth even better than secularization. These findings hold when we control for education and shared cultural heritage.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.