ArticleCell2018
Bacteriophage Cooperation Suppresses CRISPR-Cas3 and Cas9 Immunity.
Article in Cell, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed.
- Revisiting the life cycle of temperate phages.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Phage host range: determinants, dynamics and applications.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Decoding phage communication: molecular networks, evolutionary dynamics, and therapeutic applications.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- Ecology of the gut microbiota and colonization resistance: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2025Review
- Phage Therapy forAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Expression level of anti-phage defence systems controls a trade-off between protection range and autoimmunity.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Molecular epidemiological study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from hospitals in Brazil by MLST and CRISPR/Cas system analysis.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2025Article
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model bacterium in antiphage defense research.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Molecular basis of the phosphorothioation-sensing antiphage defense system IscS-DndBCDE-DndI.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Structural basis of Cas3 activation in type I-C CRISPR-Cas system.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Role of CRISPR-Cas systems and anti-CRISPR proteins in bacterial antibiotic resistance.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Coinfecting phages impede each other's entry into the cell.Current biology : CB · 2024Article
- Regulatory sequence-based discovery of anti-defense genes in archaeal viruses.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Insights into the inhibition of protospacer integration via direct interaction between Cas2 and AcrVA5.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Inhibitors of bacterial immune systems: discovery, mechanisms and applications.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2024Review
- Anti-CRISPR proteins trigger a burst of CRISPR-Cas9 expression that enhances phage defense.Cell reports · 2024Article
- Discovery and engineering of AiEvo2, a novel Cas12a nuclease for human gene editing applications.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2024Article
- Open questions in the social lives of viruses.Journal of evolutionary biology · 2023Review
- The highly diverse antiphage defence systems of bacteria.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Bacteria utilize CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems for protection from bacteriophages (phages), and some phages produce anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins that inhibit immune function. Despite thorough mechanistic and structural information for some Acr proteins, how they are deployed and utilized by a phage during infection is unknown. Here, we show that Acr production does not guarantee phage replication when faced with CRISPR-Cas immunity, but instead, infections fail when phage population numbers fall below a critical threshold. Infections succeed only if a sufficient Acr dose is contributed to a single cell by multiple phage genomes. The production of Acr proteins by phage genomes that fail to replicate leave the cell immunosuppressed, which predisposes the cell for successful infection by other phages in the population. This altruistic mechanism for CRISPR-Cas inhibition demonstrates inter-virus cooperation that may also manifest in other host-parasite interactions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.