ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2019
The Effect of Interrupted/Deferred Antiretroviral Therapy on Disease Risk: A SMART and START Combined Analysis.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Large, Simple Trial Comparing Two Strategies for Management of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (The SMART Study)
Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early antiretroviral therapy and long-term cancer risk in HIV: 9-year outcomes from the START randomized trial.BMC cancer · 2026Trial
- Feasibility and Preliminary Effectiveness of a Data-to-Care Intervention for HIV-Positive People Who Inject Drugs in Ukraine: A Pilot Cluster-Randomized Trial.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy initiation and long-term cardiovascular disease outcomes in people with HIV: The START study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Evaluating the use of antiviral drugs in HIV patients with cardiovascular diseases and how to reduce the incidence of cardiac events in these patients.American journal of cardiovascular disease · 2024Review
- Clonal Hematopoiesis Is Associated With Low CD4 Nadir and Increased Residual HIV Transcriptional Activity in Virally Suppressed Individuals With HIV.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Decrease in Incidence Rate of Hospitalizations Due to AIDS-Defining Conditions but Not to Non-AIDS Conditions in PLWHIV on cART in 2008-2018 in Italy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation and Risk of Cancer Among Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Intracranial hypertension and papilloedema as a complication to low antiretroviral therapy adherence in a man living with chronic HIV.BMJ case reports · 2021Article
- Cardiovascular disease risk and its determinants in people living with HIV across different settings in South Africa.HIV medicine · 2020Article
- "Risk of de novo or secondary cancer after solid organ or allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation".Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2019Article
- Undetectable = Untransmittable and Your Health: The Personal Benefits of Early and Continuous Therapy for HIV Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Pooled data from the SMART and START trials were used to compare deferred/intermittent versus immediate/continuous antiretroviral therapy (ART) on disease risk. Methods: Endpoints assessed were AIDS, serious non-AIDS (SNA), cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and death. Pooled (stratified by study) hazard ratios (HRs) from Cox models were obtained for deferred/intermittent ART versus immediate/continuous ART; analyses were conducted to assess consistency of HRs across baseline-defined subgroups. Results: Among 10156 participants, there were 124 AIDS, 247 SNA, 117 cancers, 103 CVD, and 120 deaths. Interventions in each trial led to similar differences in CD4 count and viral suppression. Pooled HRs (95% confidence interval) of deferred/intermittent ART versus immediate/continuous ART were for AIDS 3.63 (2.37-5.56); SNA 1.62 (1.25-2.09); CVD 1.59 (1.07-2.37); cancer 1.93 (1.32-2.83); and death 1.80 (1.24-2.61). Underlying risk was greater in SMART than START. Given the similar HRs for each trial, absolute risk differences between treatment groups were greater in SMART than START. Pooled HRs were similar across subgroups. Conclusions: Treatment group differences in CD4 count and viral suppression were similar in SMART and START. Likely as a consequence, relative differences in risk of AIDS and SNA between immediate/continuous ART and deferred/intermittent ART were similar. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT00027352 and NCT00867048.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.