SynthesisSchizophrenia research2018
Cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: New data and an updated meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Schizophrenia research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Interrelationships between Cytokines and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Predictors of successful anti-inflammatory drug trials in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-regression and critical commentary.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Pooled it
- Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Chemokine Dysregulation and Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Linking Inflammation, Aberrant Glutamate-Dopamine Interaction, and Post-synaptic Changes: Translational Relevance for Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Treatment: a Systematic Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Pooled it
- Immune System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: An Integrative View and Translational Perspectives.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- The genetic basis for the inverse relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia.Molecular genetics & genomic medicine · 2020Pooled it
- The Danish Region Midt Schizophrenia Cohort - Representative, long-term follow-up of first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation: an unfortunate term to describe schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Peripheral complement C4 protein in schizophrenia: Association with gene copy number and immune cell subtypes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota: contributing to high CVD prevalence in people living with schizophrenia?European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Review
- Markers of neuroinflammation in the CSF of patients with difficult to treat psychiatric disease.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Inflammation is associated with avolition and reduced resting state functional connectivity in corticostriatal reward circuitry in patients with schizophrenia.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- The Immune/Inflammatory Underpinnings of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Impact of neuroinflammation on brain glutamate and dopamine signalling in schizophrenia: an update.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- The roles of immune factors in neurodevelopment.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
- The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in schizophrenia: an immunological perspective.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Neuroinflammatory Loop in Schizophrenia, Is There a Relationship with Symptoms or Cognition Decline?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Long-term second-generation antipsychotics decreases bone formation and resorption in male patients with schizophrenia.Psychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Association of serum interleukin-6 with negative symptoms in stable early-onset schizophrenia.World journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted examining cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients compared to healthy volunteers. The goals of this study were: 1) to report original data detailing cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 10 patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) diagnosis and 10 healthy controls and 2) to conduct a meta-analysis of the available data on cytokine levels in the CSF of patients with SSD compared to healthy controls, including our new data. Cytokine concentrations were measured using the Q-plex Human Cytokine Screen array in CSF of 10 patients with SSD and 10 healthy volunteers. For the meta-analysis, an electronic PubMed and Google Scholar search without restrictions was conducted for articles that reported on cytokine levels in CSF in patients with an SSD compared to healthy controls. Our original data revealed statistically significant increases in levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the CSF of patients with an SSD compared to healthy volunteers. Our meta-analysis showed statistically significant increases in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in patients compared to healthy volunteers. Effect sizes between treated and untreated patients for IL-6 were of similar magnitude. However, IL-6 levels were higher in early stage schizophrenia patients compared to chronic schizophrenia patients. Studies with larger sample sizes, comprehensive assessments and ideally in the context of a randomized controlled intervention to minimize the impact of confounding factors are needed to fully understand the role of cytokines and inflammatory markers in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.