Observational studyHIV medicine2018
Association between exposure to antiretroviral drugs and the incidence of hypertension in HIV-positive persons: the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study.
Observational study in HIV medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Characterization and stratification of risk factors of stroke in people living with HIV: A theory-informed systematic review.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Incidence, risk factors, and cardiovascular impact of hypertension in people with HIV: a secondary analysis of the REPRIEVE trial.The lancet. HIV · 2026Trial
- Hypertension and blood pressure changes with dolutegravir or comparator antiretroviral therapy in randomized trials through 96 weeks.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Trial
- No accelerated progression of subclinical atherosclerosis with integrase strand transfer inhibitors compared to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Article
- HIV and risk of hypertension: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- HIV-Associated Hypertension: Risks, Mechanisms, and Knowledge Gaps.Circulation research · 2024Review
- Observational
- Article
- Prevalence and control of hypertension in a high HIV-prevalence setting, insights from a population based study in Botswana.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Change in body weight and risk of hypertension after switching from efavirenz to dolutegravir in adults living with HIV: evidence from routine care in Johannesburg, South Africa.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Hypertension in people living with HIV on combined antiretroviral therapy in rural Tanzania.African health sciences · 2023Article
- Prevalence of and factors associated with diabetes mellitus among people living with HIV in Vietnam.Global health & medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Prevalence and incidence of hypertension in a heavily treatment-experienced cohort of people living with HIV in Uganda.PloS one · 2023Article
- Inflammation markers and the risk of hypertension in people living with HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Executable models of immune signaling pathways in HIV-associated atherosclerosis.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2022Article
- Risk Factors Attributable to Hypertension among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Selected Rural Districts of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Incidence of hypertension in people with HIV who are treated with integrase inhibitors versus other antiretroviral regimens in the RESPOND cohort consortium.HIV medicine · 2022Article
- Incidence of Cardiometabolic Diseases in People With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United Kingdom: A Population-Based Matched Cohort Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Estimated blood pressure trajectories and hypertension patterns among pregnant women living with HIV, Haiti, 2007-2017.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesPrevious studies have suggested that hypertension in HIV-positive individuals is associated primarily with traditional risk factors such as older age, diabetes and dyslipidaemia. However, controversy remains as to whether exposure to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs poses additional risk, and we investigated this question in the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) cohort.
methodsThe incidence of hypertension [systolic blood pressure (BP) > 140 and/or diastolic BP > 90 mmHg and/or initiation of antihypertensive treatment] was determined overall and in strata defined by demographic, metabolic and HIV-related factors, including cumulative exposure to each individual ARV drug. Predictors of hypertension were identified using uni- and multivariable Poisson regression models.
resultsOf 33 278 included persons, 7636 (22.9%) developed hypertension over 223 149 person-years (PY) [incidence rate: 3.42 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.35-3.50) per 100 PY]. In univariable analyses, cumulative exposure to most ARV drugs was associated with an increased risk of hypertension. After adjustment for demographic, metabolic and HIV-related factors, only associations for nevirapine [rate ratio 1.07 (95% CI: 1.04-1.13) per 5 years] and indinavir/ritonavir [rate ratio 1.12 (95% CI: 1.04-1.20) per 5 years] remained statistically significant, although effects were small. The strongest independent predictors of hypertension were male gender, older age, black African ethnicity, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, use of lipid-lowering drugs, high body mass index (BMI), renal impairment and a low CD4 count.
conclusionsWe did not find evidence for any strong independent association between exposure to any of the individual ARV drugs and the risk of hypertension. Findings provide reassurance that screening policies and preventative measures for hypertension in HIV-positive persons should follow algorithms used for the general population.
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