ArticleScientific reports2018
Exosome-associated Shiga toxin 2 is released from cells and causes severe toxicity in mice.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Shiga toxin delivery in extracellular vesicles induces high mortality and severe kidney injury in a Gb3-dependent manner.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- An antibiotic derivative as a new potential tool in the prevention of hemolytic uremic syndrome.iScience · 2025Article
- Exosomes Derived from Meningitic Escherichia coli-Infected Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Facilitate Astrocyte Activation.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Extracellular Vesicle Inhibitors Enhance Cholix-Induced Cell Death via Regulation of the JNK-Dependent Pathway.Toxins · 2024Article
- Exosomes as mediators of signal transmitters in biotoxins toxicity: a comprehensive review.Cell biology and toxicology · 2024Review
- The Fatal Role of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin-associated Extracellular Vesicles in Host Cells.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2023Review
- Emerging Role of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.Cells · 2020Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx), a major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), is classified into two subgroups, Stx1 and Stx2. Clinical data clearly indicate that Stx2 is associated with more severe toxicity than Stx1, but the molecular mechanism underlying this difference is not fully understood. Here, we found that after being incorporated into target cells, Stx2, can be transported by recycling endosomes, as well as via the regular retrograde transport pathway. However, transport via recycling endosome did not occur with Stx1. We also found that Stx2 is actively released from cells in a receptor-recognizing B-subunit dependent manner. Part of the released Stx2 is associated with microvesicles, including exosome markers (referred to as exo-Stx2), whose origin is in the multivesicular bodies that formed from late/recycling endosomes. Finally, intravenous administration of exo-Stx2 to mice causes more lethality and tissue damage, especially severe renal dysfunction and tubular epithelial cell damage, compared to a free form of Stx2. Thus, the formation of exo-Stx2 might contribute to the severity of Stx2 in vivo, suggesting new therapeutic strategies against EHEC infections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.