ArticleDeutsches Arzteblatt international2018
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pacemaker-Associated Infection.
Article in Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- DisseminatedDEN open · 2027Article
- Vacuum-Assisted Percutaneous Management of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Lead Endocarditis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- A Case Series Demonstrating the Spectrum of Invasive Methicillin-SensitiveCase reports in infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Chronic Infective Endocarditis Linked to Staphylococcus epidermidis Infection of a Pacemaker Lead: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- Pacemaker Lead Infection in a Patient Undergoing Hemodialysis.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections in Saudi Arabia: Incidence, Timing, Causative Organisms, and Outcomes - A Multicenter Study.Journal of the Saudi Heart Association · 2025Article
- Article
- Phototherapy to Facilitate Wound Healing Following Pacemaker Infection: A Promising Tool to Improve Outcomes.The Journal of innovations in cardiac rhythm management · 2024Article
- Article
- Risk of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection after Early versus Delayed Lead Repositioning.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2024Article
- A review on antimicrobial strategies in mitigating biofilm-associated infections on medical implants.Current research in microbial sciences · 2024Review
- Abscess after cardiac pacemaker implantation: A case report.Clinical case reports · 2023Article
- Fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction to detect infections of cardiac implantable electronic devices.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2023Article
- Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Persistent Bacteremia: A Decadal Observational Study.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Unravelling staphylococcal small-colony variants in cardiac implantable electronic device infections: clinical characteristics, management, and genomic insights.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Infectious Diseases Impact on Biomedical Devices and Materials.Biomedical materials & devices (New York, N.Y.) · 2022Review
- Long-term results of conservative treatment of pacemaker pocket site infections.Postepy w kardiologii interwencyjnej = Advances in interventional cardiology · 2022Article
- Vacuum-Implemented Removal of Lead Vegetations in Cardiac Device-Related Infective Endocarditis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Pacemaker lead-related endocarditis withBMJ case reports · 2022Article
- Environmental, Microbiological, and Immunological Features of Bacterial Biofilms Associated with Implanted Medical Devices.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundApproximately 105 000 cardiac electronic devices are newly implanted in Germany each year. Germany has the highest implantation rate with respect to population of any European country. Infections in cardiac implants are serious complications, with an associated in-hospital mortality of 5-15%. It is thus very important to optimize the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies by which such infections can be detected early and treated effectively.
methodsThis review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a search in PubMed, with special attention to the current recommendations of international medical specialty societies.
resultsAccording to the international literature, the incidence of device-associated infection is 1.7% (in six months) for implanted defibrillators and 9.5% (in two years) for resynchronization devices. No absolute figures on infection rates are available for Germany. Infection can involve either the site where the impulse generator is implanted or the intravascular portion of the electrodes. The most important elements of the diagnostic evaluation are: assessment of the local findings; pathogen identification by culture of peripheral blood, swabs of the infected site, or material recovered at surgery; and transesophageal echocardiography to detect endocarditic deposits on the electrodes or cardiac valves. The treatment consists of appropriate antibiotic administration and the complete removal of all foreign material. These special extractions are generally performed via the transvenous route. With the aid of various sheath systems, the procedure can be carried out safely and effectively, with a success rate above 95% and a complication rate below 3%. The indications for the implantation of a new device after eradication of the infection should be critically reassessed.
conclusionUntreated infection carries a high mortality. Evaluation and treatment according to a standardized clinical algorithm facilitate correct and timely diagnosis and the choice of an appropriate therapeutic strategy.
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