ArticlePsychological medicine2019
Depression, violence and cortisol awakening response: a 3-year longitudinal study in adolescents.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D Supplementation during Winter: Effects on Stress Resilience in a Randomized Control Trial.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Depression as a Longitudinal Modulator of Physical-Verbal Aggression in Early Adolescence: Trajectories and Sex Comparisons.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Article
- Measuring salivary cortisol in biobehavioral research: A systematic review and methodological considerations.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite evidence of links between depression and violent outcomes, potential moderators of this association remain unknown. The current study tested whether a biological marker, cortisol, moderated this association in a longitudinal sample of adolescents.
methodsParticipants were 358 Dutch adolescents (205 boys) with a mean age of 15 years at the first measurement. Depressive symptoms, the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and violent outcomes were measured annually across 3 years. The CAR was assessed by two measures: waking cortisol activity (CAR area under the curve ground) and waking cortisol reactivity (CAR area under the curve increase). Within-individual regression models were adopted to test the interaction effects between depressive symptoms and CAR on violent outcomes, which accounted for all time-invariant factors such as genetic factors and early environments. We additionally adjusted for time-varying factors including alcohol drinking, substance use and stressful life events.
resultsIn this community sample, 24% of adolescents perpetrated violent behaviours over 3 years. We found that CAR moderated the effects of depressive symptoms on adolescent violent outcomes (βs ranged from -0.12 to -0.28). In particular, when the CAR was low, depressive symptoms were positively associated with violent outcomes in within-individual models, whereas the associations were reversed when the CAR was high.
conclusionsOur findings suggest that the CAR should be investigated further as a potential biological marker for violence in adolescents with high levels of depressive symptoms.
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