ArticleBiology of sex differences2018
Production of amphiregulin and recovery from influenza is greater in males than females.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Androgens protect ILC2S from functional suppression during influenza virus infection.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Sexual dimorphism of COVID-19 inspires drug repositioning and host-targeting immunotherapy for viral pneumonia.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Influenza B virus suppression of Chromosome Y-linked genes increases pulmonary virus replication and disease severity in male mice.Research square · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Impact of Obesity on Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Age-dependent immune responses and resident cell dynamics in young mice following pneumonia.iScience · 2026Article
- Biological sex differences after high and low doses of influenza A virus infection during obesity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Biological Sex Differences after High and Low Doses of Influenza A Virus Infection in a Diet-induced Obesity Mouse Model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Pre-Existing Allergic Inflammation Alters Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Mice Co-Infected with Influenza Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Estrogen and viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The conneXion between sex and immune responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Sex Differences during Influenza A Virus Infection and Vaccination and Comparison of Cytokine and Antibody Responses between Plasma and Serum Samples.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Mechanisms and consequences of sex differences in immune responses.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2024Review
- The Identification Distinct Antiviral Factors Regulated Influenza Pandemic H1N1 Infection.International journal of microbiology · 2024Article
- Agricultural dust derived bacterial extracellular vesicle mediated inflammation is attenuated by DHA.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Biological Sex and Pregnancy Affect Influenza Pathogenesis and Vaccination.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Article
- Sex chromosome complement and sex steroid signaling underlie sex differences in immunity to respiratory virus infection.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Article
- Sex biases in infectious diseases research.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2022Article
- Sex Differences in Influenza: The Challenge Study Experience.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAmphiregulin (AREG) is an epidermal growth factor that is a significant mediator of tissue repair at mucosal sites, including in the lungs during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Previous research illustrates that males of reproductive ages experience less severe disease and recover faster than females following infection with IAV.
methodsWhether males and females differentially produce and utilize AREG for pulmonary repair after IAV infection was investigated using murine models on a C57BL/6 background and primary mouse and human epithelial cell culture systems.
resultsFollowing sublethal infection with 2009 H1N1 IAV, adult female mice experienced greater morbidity and pulmonary inflammation during the acute phase of infection as well as worse pulmonary function during the recovery phase of infection than males, despite having similar virus clearance kinetics. As compared with females, AREG expression was greater in the lungs of male mice as well as in primary respiratory epithelial cells derived from mouse and human male donors, in response to H1N1 IAVs. Internalization of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was also greater in respiratory epithelial cells derived from male than female mice. IAV infection of Areg knock-out (Areg
conclusionsTaken together, these data show that elevated levels of testosterone and AREG, either independently or in combination, improve resilience (i.e., repair and recovery of damaged tissue) and contribute to better influenza outcomes in males compared with females.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.