Multisensor Systems by Electrochemical Nanowire Assembly for the Analysis of Aqueous Solutions.

The development of electrochemical multisensor systems is driven by the need for fast, miniature, inexpensive, analytical devices, and advanced interdisciplinary based on both chemometric and (nano)material approaches. A multicomponent analysis of complex mixtures in environmental and technological monitoring, biological samples, and cell culture requires chip-based multisensor systems with high-stability sensors. In this paper, we describe the development, characterization, and applications of chip-based nanoelectrochemical sensor arrays prepared by the directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA) of noble metals and metal alloys to analyze aqueous solutions. A synergic action of the electrode transducer function and electrocatalytic activity of the nanostructured surface toward analytes is achieved in the assembled metal nanowire (NW) sensors. Various sensor nanomaterials (Pd, Ni, Au, and their multicomponent compositions) can be electrochemically assembled on a single chip without employing multiple cycles of photolithography process to realize multi-analyte sensing applications as well as spatial resolution of sensor analysis by this single-chip multisensor system. For multi-analyte electrochemical sensing, individual amperometric signals of two or more nanowires can be acquired, making use of the specific electrocatalytic surface properties of the individual nanowire sensors of the array toward analytes. To demonstrate the application of a new electrochemical multisensor platform, Pd-Au, Pd-Ni, Pd, and Au NW electrode arrays on a single chip were employed for the non-enzymatic analysis of hydrogen peroxide, glucose, and ethanol. The analytes are determined at low absolute values of the detection potentials with linear concentration ranges of 1.0 × 10